The objective of this study was to phenotypically characterize antibiotic-resistant strains of staphylococci isolated from the urogenital tract and to test in vitro their sensitivity to extracts of medicinal products (Brassica oleracea; Allium cepa; Allium schoenoprasum, Alluim sativum and Honey). The concentrated crude extracts were obtained by the reflux method in which the juice obtained after pressing and filtering. Ethanolic and ethereal extracts obtained respectively by the extraction method using 95% ethanol and petroleum ether. The study of the sensitivity of the strains to the extracts was carried out by the method of diffusion in specific agar (Müller Hinton) on a petri dish containing discs soaked in solutions of the extracts. At the end of the experiments carried out, the following results were obtained: It emerges from the phenotypic characterization (morphological and biochemical) that all the strains of staphylococci studied are in clump and gram positive shell form. They all produced coagulase and catalase. Therefore, they all belong to the species S. aureus. The study of the sensitivity of the strains to different extracts of medicinal products reveals that the ethereal extracts are more effective than the concentrated and ethanolic crude extracts. They showed antibacterial activity in the majority of the strains tested. The largest inhibition diameter being in the order of 30 mm, this was achieved with the ethereal extract of B. oleracea. Concentrated ethanolic and crude extracts of B. oleracea respectively inhibited bacterial growth with a maximum diameter of around 17 and 18 mm. Honey exerted inhibitory activity of up to 17 mm in diameter. The strains were shown to be resistant to ethanolic extracts of A. cepa, A. schoenoprasum and A. sativum. This could be explained by the low concentration of the active ingredients in the solvents used and therefore the extracts were less likely to exert an effective inhibitory activity on the growth of antibiotic resistant strains of staphylococcus.

Introduction: In almost half of African countries, 40% or more of total health expenditure is made up of out-of-pocket payments from households, which creates financial barriers to accessing health services and exposes the population to impoverishment. This study aims to analyze the health care costs of children under five (5) years old and to identify the issues and prospects for improving financial access to health care in the Health Zone of Bagira. Methodology: The study is cross-sectional population, carried out in the health zone of Bagira, among 314 parents of children under 5 years old for a period from June to November 2023. The data were collected using a questionnaire previously developed and saved in KoboCollecte. Quantitative variables were summarized as mean ± SD and median with interquartile range (P25, P75) while categorical ones were encoded and described in frequencies and proportions for each category. A binary logistic regression model testing associations was applied. The analyzes were carried out using MS Excel 2016 and SPSS (version 29) software. Results: A third (31.2%) of parents had the consultation in a primary care establishment (32.2%). For the majority of households, the average consultation costs were 2.7 ± 2.0 USD; 7.7 ± 5.8 USD for laboratory tests and 12.0 ± 9.5 USD for medication bill; of 70.7 ± 58.2 USD for the bill for imaging examinations and hospitalization. 38.2% of bills were covered by local health insurance which is only 56.1% paid by WITH (Village Savings and Credit Association) at a contribution of less than 1/3 of the costs care, which led 6% of households to sell their belongings to pay the remainder of the bill. The fact that the child was transferred to a higher-level structure (p=0.021), the fact that the insurance did not help pay the costs of care (p=0.000) and the death of the child who was sick (p=0.004) were the factors associated with the high cost of health care for children under 5 years old. Conclusion: These results sufficiently prove that low household incomes, high healthcare costs and insufficient health insurance contributions do not allow households to cover the costs of healthcare for their children and often resort to self-medication and sale of goods, hence the need to put in place social protection programs such as universal health coverage to mitigate the impact of health shocks on vulnerable households in Congolese communities.

Background: The emergence of several healthcare structures that comply with the health policy has been observed in many health zones in DR Congo, particularly urban ones. The aim of this study is to describe the proliferation of hospital structures in the Ibanda health zone (HZ) and to analyze the determinants of their creation, as well as stakeholders’ perceptions of the care offered by these structures. Methodology: A convergent mixed-methods study was conducted in the Ibanda Health Zone from June 2021 to February 2022. Data were collected through documentary review and interviews. A descriptive analysis of the characteristics of health facilities was carried out; but also an inductive thematic analysis was performed after the qualitative data had been transcribed and then coded through a tree of sub-themes grouped into themes. Results: The study revealed that the Ibanda HZ, has a total of 40 hospital facilities. Not only are these inequitably distributed within the health areas, but 45% of them are outside the administrative and technical control of the provincial authority. Many specialized services are absent from most facilities. The study suggests that the quality of care in the Ibanda HZ has improved over time, but that this quality is not the same in all facilities. Study participants report that the cost of care is high in relation compared to the financial capacity of households. For them, this explains this population’s recourse to alternative solutions such as self-medication or traditional medicine. Conclusion: The study recommends tighter control of the conditions under wich care structures are set up and run, and improved quality of service for the benefit of the community.

In order to protect and improve market garden crops, market gardeners use large quantities of plant protection products and water in the production area. This has an impact on soil quality. The aim of this study was to determine the level of soil pollution downstream of the Daloa Regional Hospital. Twenty-four soil samples were taken from six sites in the study area. These samples were analysed by liquid/liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry. The results of the analyses revealed the presence of seven medicinal residues, including five antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Sulfamethoxazole and Norfloxacin), a beta-blocker (Propranolol) and an anti-inflammatory (Salicylic Acid). The average concentrations of these antibiotic residues ranged from 3.41 to 50.34 µg/kg; the anti-inflammatory and the beta-blocker recorded values of 112.67 µg/kg and 17.35 µg/kg respectively. Eleven residues of active ingredients, including Chlorothalonil, Cypermethrin, Metamidophos, Endrin, Deltamethrin, Dimethomorph, Profenofos, Beta-endosulfan, Etoenprox, Furathiocarb and Carbendazim, were quantified at levels ranging from 0.04 to 39.62 µg/kg. These active ingredients belong to five families of plant protection products: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, thiocarbamates and synthetic pyrethroids. The constant discharge of these medicinal and phytosanitary residues contaminates the soil and poses a threat to humans and their environment.

The knowledge of genetic diversity is essential for the efficient improvement of it in varietal improvement. This knowledge is based on the description of genetic resources. Morphological characteristics are first candidates for this description. In this context, an evaluation was then conducted to determine the morphological diversity of chili peppers in Kisangani. A total of one hundred and ninety-nine (199) fruits of the ripe chili peppers of the local varieties grown and sold were purchased at the different markets of the city of Kisangani, according to the random sampling technique. The’ set of results allowed to identify five (5) phenotypes or dominant botanical forms including: Red elongated1, Red elongated2, Red round, Yellow elongated and Yellow round. The elongated Red1 phenotype was more represented in the study population (38%), while the round Yellow phenotype was less frequent (5%). The average weight varied between 0.3 and 6.40g with a significant difference. The average length between 17.76 and 45.94 mm; the average diameter 6.28 to 31.15 mm; number of seminal boxes 1 to 4 per fruit. There was no correlation between seed box number and weight, but a fairly good correlation between seed number and weight.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plays an important role in Benin’s economy. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of two substrates and their treatments on oil palm seedlings in pre-nursery. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of undergrowth potting soil and slush and their treatment with the fungicide Topsin M on the agronomic performance of the seedlings in pre-nursery. The experimental design used was a complete random block with four treatments after combining the two factors (substrate and fungal treatment). These were: untreated understory potting soil, treated understory potting soil, untreated slush and treated slush. The number of plants emerged, the number of dead plants, the number of leaves and the height of the plants were the parameters measured on the juveniles of the oil palm. The results of the study showed that the substrate of understory potting soil treated with Topsin M significantly (p˂0.05) promoted the emergence of 100% of seedlings and vegetative growth (i.e. 3 leaves and 17.66 cm in height). In conclusion, the use of understory potting soil substrate treated with Topsin M for the production of oil palm seedlings could therefore improve their quality and reduce the burden on producers in the search for the right planting material.

Introduction: In DR Congo, healthcare provision is characterized by the anarchic emergence of medical facilities and the medicalization of front-line healthcare structures. In urban areas, healthcare services are still poorly organized, despite the establishment of Health Zone organization and operating standards. In Bukavu, as elsewhere in the country, this situation arises against a backdrop of urbanization and galloping demographics, creating new healthcare needs for the population. The aim of this study was to analyze the organization of hospital care provision in the city of Bukavu. Methodology: The study conducted is of an exploratory cross-sectional type using documentary review, key informant interviews and geolocation of hospital structures from August 05, 2021 to October 30, 2021 in the city of Bukavu in DR Congo. Data from the complementary package of activities (PCA) and the geolocation of hospital facilities were collected to produce the mapping. Geolocation information was processed in QGIS software version 3.28 to produce a current health map of hospital structures. Results: We observed an anarchic proliferation of hospital structures and a medicalization of front-line health facilities, nearly half of which offer an incomplete package of complementary activities that do not meet the standards established in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 39% have been set up over the last 5 years (2016-2021) in a context of weak regulation and control by Congolese government services. The majority of hospitals in Bukavu offer the same type of services. They are essentially privately owned (50.3%), denominational/church-owned (21.1%), 13.6% are managed by non-governmental organizations and only 12.6% are under the direct management of the Congolese state. Conclusion: The supply of hospital care in Bukavu is plethoric and seems to pursue profit-making goals without necessarily meeting the real needs of the population. Re-regulating the organization of hospital care and providing technical and financial support to the health system could help to improve it in Bukavu.

Plants constitute a precious resource and a true treasure for humanity. They play an important role ecologically, economically and socially. Plants produce oxygen, they regulate the climate, they purify water, they provide food, they provide health benefits. this study, on the one hand, makes an inventory of the species of medicinal plants encountered in the botanical garden of Eyale and on the other hand, it presents their impacts on the indigenous peoples (the pygmies) of the city of Mbandaka in the DRC.

In order to make its contribution to the fight to safeguard the Burkinabè religious heritage, Savane FM radio broadcasting in Burkina Faso has included in its program entitled »Sonre«, a section called »thought and proverb of the day« which consists of read and comment on a thought and a proverb in each issue. We have devoted this study to it, the objective of which is to make a sociological analysis of the educational and socio-cultural aspects contained in this radio range. Starting from the hypothesis that the section is a springboard for denouncing social flaws, an exaltation of moral and civic values ​​and an invitation to consider Burkinabè culture as a guarantee of development, this research, supported by a qualitative method made up of interviews, sample analysis and documentary research show that this radio is a local media and has a certain cultural anchorage. The section analyzed has a considerable contribution to the lives of listeners and appears to be a formidable means of information and an educational area for the populations since it is a forum for sharing life skills, good practices and fundamental life values ​​turning around solidarity, respect for others, living together, love of neighbor, patriotism, dignity, work, honesty, sharing, civic-mindedness, commitment, listening etc,... Also, the promotion of culture and development in Burkina Faso are perceptible there because the proverbs and the thoughts meet the needs of transmission of the elements of socialization and remain of the best tools of questioning of the vital problems of the populations. Finally, devoting a special slot each month to comments and testimonials from listeners, initiating sessions to collect the thoughts and proverbs of listeners and special programs dedicated to children, publishing books compiling the proverbs and thoughts collected are, among other strategies, proposed appropriation.

For some years now, young Senegalese have been attempting to emigrate irregularly by sea aboard cayucos, or by land aboard trucks and pick-ups. While the causes, consequences, methods of financing and policies to prevent travel has been widely studied, the profiles of candidates for irregular migration have received little attention from researchers and political decision makers. It is with this in mind that this contribution aims to examine in depth the profiles of these candidates for irregular migration, little explored in the analysis of irregular migration in the Senegalese context. Using the Casamance region, where we have been conducting research on irregular migration for over ten years, as our point of observation, and drawing on a rich corpus of 70 life histories of would-be migrants, this contribution sets out to highlight the different profiles of would-be migrants and shows how, over the years, these profiles have undergone profound change because of the diversification of migration routes to both Europe and the USA.

During the publication of our article entitle «Study of the movement of a charged particle in electrodynamics »dans «International journal of Innovation and Applied studies», Vol 40, n°3, pp. 1007-1015, September 2023, we saw that a charged particle in motion is subject to two fields: the electric field E and the magnetic field B. Given the complexity of the research and experience, we preferred to first publish an article on the movement of a charged particle in a uniform electric field. Currently, we are going to publish an article on the movement of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field (B) having tree major objectives, namely: knowing the Lorentz force, knowing precisely how a magnetic field constant B does not modify the cinetic energy of moving particle and finally to establish the characteristics of the movement of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field. For the experiments, we will always use the laboratory of the National Pedagogic University (UPN) whose materials will be listed in the second paragraph (method and materials).

The high demand for labor and the low availability of organic fertilizer reduce the effectiveness of manual zaï. To overcome these constraints, the effect of adding Loudetia-based compost enriched with Burkina natural phosphate (Burkina phosphate) under mechanized zaï on soil moisture content and sorghum yield was evaluated in 2022 and 2023 at Arbollé in northern Burkina Faso, using an experimental system of scattered blocks on eight (8) farmers.: T0 = control; T1 = manual zaï + producer organic manure + microdose; T2 = manual zaï + producer organic manure; T3 = mechanized zaï + producer organic manure + microdose; T4 = manual zaï + Loudetia compost; T5 = manual zaï + Loudetia compost + microdose and T6 = mechanized zaï + Loudetia compost + microdose. Mechanized zaï + producer’s organic manure + microdose (T3) and mechanized zaï + Loudetia compost enriched with Burkina phosphate (BP) + microdose (T6) gave the best grain yields ranging from 1213.13 k/ha to 1533.67 kg/ha, and the best soil moisture levels of 14.06% and 13.74% respectively at 45 JAS. Also, manual zaï + Loudetia compost enriched with BP + microdose (T5), made it possible to obtain average yields of 1004.62 kg/ha. Mechanized zaï + Loudetia compost + microdose could therefore help increase sorghum productivity. The effectiveness of this combination on yield could be improved by adding BP to the compost.

In Côte d’Ivoire, in a situation of food crisis, peasant populations are developing strategies to guarantee their food security by exploiting the lowlands. This study, carried out at the level of the Sinfra sub-prefecture, aims to analyze the actions and processes implemented in lowland areas by local populations to improve their food situation. A hypothetico-deductive approach based on the analysis of secondary and primary data was chosen to analyze and understand the food situation and farmers’ food security strategies developed by rural populations in Sinfra. The results showed that 56% of households surveyed were food-secure, compared with 44% who were food-insecure, 35% of whom qualified as moderate and 9% as severe. The food security index is expressed differentially across localities in the Sinfra sub-prefecture. In addition, a range of factors helped to explain the food insecurity situation in which the respondents live. Finally, it emerged that several actions had been implemented in the lowlands to guarantee household food security. These included the exclusive production of food crops in the lowlands, the use of fertilizers (73%) to improve production and the diversification of food sources. The study concluded that the initiatives studied each contributed in their own way, to different degrees and dimensions, to the food security process.

The government of the DRC, with the aim of making our diplomas employable, promoting the mobility of teaching staff and students worldwide, and helping students to succeed; has obliged since the academic year 2021-2022 all the country’s higher education and university establishments to migrate from the so-called Graduat-Licence-DES-Doctorat teaching system to the Licence-Master-Doctorat system, LMD in acronym. However, this new system faces a number of challenges that need to be addressed in line with the Ministry’s Academic Instruction 025, including technological equipment. With this in mind, our study, using NTIC, aims to provide an expert didactic solution for tracing the student’s curriculum, given that in the LMD each student is a special case with special problems requiring special monitoring, i.e. determining how many teaching units have already been capitalized on and how many have not yet been capitalized on, to facilitate mobility, and also a solution adapted to the context of our country, the DRC, context of mass teaching contrary to the ratio of 20 students per teacher to make deliberations easy, i.e. automated encoding of grades, calculation of percentages, equalization or balancing of grades in a teaching unit and prediction of honors to be awarded to the student in the teaching units or semester in which he or she has enrolled, communication of results and processing of student appeals.

Objective agreements as a financing tool for such organizations is a response provided by the public authorities. They set the objectives to be achieved by the sports movement through public funding in terms of athlete performance, development of sports infrastructures, and promotion of sport at the national and international level. In the Senegalese context, the question that arose is why they cannot contribute effectively to the development of sport, to the improvement of the performance of athletes, while ensuring effective management of resources. public. Based on a qualitative approach and twenty-two (22) interviews with different stakeholders in the Senegalese sports movement and the Senegalese State, it was possible to show that the said conventions have random objectives, a non-compliance with the commitments made by different stakeholders and a monitoring-evaluation system that is little or poorly used. This demonstrates the difficulty in implementing public management tools in the Senegalese context and recalled by the theory of National Public Governance Systems (SNGP) in French-speaking African countries, on the one hand, and the question of the receptivity, even the reluctance of African public administrations to adopt said tools, on the other hand.

This study focuses on the practice of fitness among Senegalese women. It analyzes, according to their marital situation, the conditions or modalities of practice, the reasons for their investment as well as their profiles by identifying their socio-professional characteristics. The survey was carried out in Dakar and was carried out using a questionnaire survey. The results highlight their age, their level of education, their preferences in terms of clothing, concepts and their socio-economic situation. Added to this are the frequency, the practice spaces frequented, the representations they have of the male gaze as well as the positions they occupy during the sessions. The analysis reveals a logic of emancipation by freeing oneself from stereotypes and roles. traditional.

Objective: To study the prevention and management of cardiac accidents during physical education and sports (PES) classes in public middle and high schools in the Dakar region. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 83 PES teachers in public middle and high schools in Dakar, covering student admission to PES classes, teacher first aid skills, and the existence of infirmaries equipped with defibrillators and competent healthcare personnel. Results: Prevention of cardiac accidents is deemed inadequate, as most teachers do not require a medical examination before admitting students to PES classes. This indicates a negligence of student health. While most teachers have been trained in first aid, a concerning minority remain untrained. There is a strong consensus among teachers to stop physical activity when students show signs of distress (pain, palpitations, dizziness, etc.) during PES classes, highlighting a shared priority for student safety. However, some teachers are still unable to administer first aid in the event of a cardiac accident. Additionally, only seven institutions have a defibrillator, and 36 institutions do not have an infirmary. Conclusion: The lack of a mandatory medical examination for admission to PES classes, the absence of infirmaries equipped with defibrillators in most public middle and high schools, and the hiring of teachers not trained in first aid indicate that Senegalese public schools are far from effectively preventing cardiac accidents and sudden deaths, an issue persisting for the past five years.

In this study, a linear regression approach is used to model 400 m performance. We have choosen to consider the time of the first 100 metres and the age of the athletes as key variables, as they are likely to play a determining role in succeeding in this specific distance. The start, symbolised by the first 100 metres, is often considered a crucial phase in the 400m. Sprinters who manage to maintain rapid acceleration in this first part of the race tend to perform more consistently over the whole 400 metres. Studies have shown that competitive experience can play a significant role in athletic performance. Athletes who have accumulated years of experience often develop more efficient running strategies and better effort management, thus positively influencing their results.

After several years of lethargy, the revitalization of school sports is driven by a political will implemented since 2016. Have the milestones laid in the high schools of the Dakar academy inspection promoted a real revival? The answers coming the coordinators during their semi-structured interviews indicate much more the renewal of the defunct USUSA system than real changes. The creation of the regional committee for the management and revival of school sports has not yet succeeded in rolling out all the forecasts of the plans. There has never been a national festival. In high schools, levies are made on the students’ enrolment for financing these activities. The confusion between school sport and physical and sports education by the administrations has not favored an effective management of the sports activities of associations, which are almost limited to football and basketball. Despite the establishment of the coincidence between the hours of PSE and SS, the coordinators hardly mobilize students as desired because of the resistance of some teachers who have them in class during certain matches, the lack of follow-up of young talents, the interest in cognitive disciplines carried especially by parents, etc. Finally, the financial motivation of PSE teachers that is considered insufficient has been remained the same. Some of them, certainly monitors, engage in parallel lucrative activities.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of cultivation areas and analysis sites (in situ and laboratory) on the physicochemical composition of cashew apples. To this end, cashew apples collected from three regions (Bélier, Kabadougou, and Gontougo) were analyzed: one part of the cashew apples was analyzed on site and the other part was transported to the laboratory where the extracted juice was analyzed. The biochemical analyses focused on pH, titratable acidity, soluble dry extract, and vitamin C. The results showed that all the apple juices were acidic with a pH ranging from 3.35 to 3.93. The titratable acidity varied from 59.50 to 97.67; the sugar contents varied between 09.30°Brix and 13.00°Brix. Vitamin C was also present with contents ranging from 145.57 mg/100mL to 205.50 mg/100mL. Analysis of variance showed significantly different means from one region to another and from one analysis site to another.