Currently the sign language is used almost exclusively among deaf people or people around them, the use of signs as a communication system is as old in the history of mankind as that of oral languages. Taking this into account, the sign language research project through Kinect sought to have a social and educational impact, where appropriate didactic software for the translation of sign language was developed and applied. For the fulfillment of the objective a software was developed that allowed the translation of sentences in the sign language to audio for the receiver, because the Kinect Version 2 is in charge of detecting the movements of the image that it has in its visual field, to from different segments of the body's joints and a gray scale scheme of the facial gestures, when detected, vectors are generated in the Cartesian plane where the configured three-dimensional images are processed, and also how it translates the sentences heard by the Kinect to images. Deaf people are often denied education, even in sign language as there is a lack of teachers with good training in sign language. Therefore, this will help to have an educational inclusion and offer the opportunity to support and protect your linguistic identity.

In this paper, we have tried to analyze the different structures of income inequality, the ways of redistributing wealth and the aspects of financial injustice on a global and national scale. Starting from the literature review, our analysis is in two parts. As a first step, a theoretical approach that deals with the distinction between wage income inequalities in relation to income generated from financial capitalization and a philosophical and political approach to laws regulating the redistribution of wealth. And secondly, an empirical presentation diagnosing the situation of inequalities in the world compared to the current state, also in the Moroccan context in order to detect the link between the economic efficiency of the country and the social well-being of its people. citizens, especially the poorest among other social classes.

Education is one of the vital basic elements of development for a developing country like Afghanistan. The aim of this study is to explore the challenges and prospects of higher education in Afghanistan. This study adopts a qualitative approach and based on secondary data. A systematic review has been done to substantiate the argument. This study explores that the opportunity for higher education in Afghanistan is very little and far beyond to the level of expectation. It is due to the long-time war as well as destruction of the country. This study also analyzes the prospects social, economic and cultural perspectives. This study argues that education can play a pivotal role for developing economy, culture and strength of a modern nation. For ensuring smooth educational development, this study recommends that quality of education should be ensured in every stage of education. Equal opportunity should be ensured for male and female as well as financially poor students, and multi-dimensional education system should be ensured by the government of Afghanistan.

The aim of this paper is to discuss in its preface a variety point of views of Islamic school of thoughts concerning the accurate definition of concept “Khabar al-Wahid ". It will examine the method of Hanafi’s school of thoughts and the method of majority of jurists in terms of providing definition for the previous term. In the first part, it provides a wide range of arguments for and against of believing that employing Khabar al-Wahid as a proof for two kinds of issues in Islamic Sharia. This paper claims that this type of Sunna is an acceptable source for either doctrinal issues or principle ones. It should be emphasizing on the fact that the majority of Muslim scholars believe that this type of Prophetic saying is not strong enough to prove doctrinal issues because such issues need to be built on sacred texts that certainly proves this sense. For the majority, this level of certainty is impossible with this sort of Prophetic tradition. More importantly, we fully convinced that "Khabar al-Wahid" has been practically used by many Islamic scholars to prove doctrinal issues even though they reject this way of understanding conceptually. The second part of this paper has dealt with another related controversial issue which is that "Khabar al-Wahid "should be applied in worshiping context under the belief of obligatory (وجوب العمل بخبر الواحد) or having a choice ((جواز العمل بخبر الواحد. In this context, this paper widely provides arguments for and against. It also gives special attention to discuss weakness and strength of the two sides of these arguments.

Wastewater is increasingly being used by farmers in developing countries. This use is mainly motivated by: (a) the increasing scarcity of water resources and the increasing tensions on these resources; (b) population growth and the resulting increase in food demand. These waters pose significant health risks when integrated with water sources used for irrigation. At this level, this work has targeted one of the largest known areas of wastewater reuse for irrigation in Morocco (Meknes, Khemisset area), and has set as its objective to know farmers' perception (knowledge, attitudes, and practices) of this phenomenon, using a questionnaire. The results of this study clearly show that farmers have a negative perception towards the reuse of wastewater for irrigation. The informal nature, the high level of illiteracy and the lack of training and awareness-raising programmes on good farming and farm safety practices could justify the negative perception of farmers who are not aware of the health risks to which this phenomenon is exposed. In addition, the majority of them using wastewater for irrigation come from a low socio-economic environment where poverty and high vulnerability prevail.

Water supply for agriculture is sometimes insufficient in several regions of Morocco, the reuse of untreated wastewater in irrigation poses serious risks to the health of the population with spread of cases of waterborne diseases; At this level, the present study has set the initial objective of describing the epidemiological profile of these cases (patient characteristics) and then determining the causal links between the emergence of waterborne diseases and the characteristics of the population. The survey targeted the cities of Meknes and Khemisset (cities with one of the largest perimeters of reuse of raw wastewater in Morocco) during 2015, 2016 and 2017; The methodology adopted is to use the socio-economic data recorded on the "mandatory declaration" sheets for each patient who has acquired a waterborne disease, then to better exploit the qualitaitive data obtained from the survey sheets, we have descriptive statistics (using Excel software) and analytical statistics by calculating the Chi 2 test (using SPSS software version 21) to facilitate interpretation. The study of the profile of the patients who contracted a water-related disease at the level of the study area revealed: (a) characteristics in favor of a socio-economic vulnerability of this population; this vulnerability results in a supply of fruits / vegetables during the weekly Souks, and informal urban markets; (b) a negative perception of the population towards wastewater and its risks to the health of individuals; (c) a significant association has been found between the occurrence of waterborne diseases and schooling.

The prison is characterized by a high risk of HIV transmission. For an effective control, it is necessary to know the attitudes of inmates on the screening and the prevalence of infection in this marginalized population. It was for us to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, to know their attitudes towards the HIV test, and to determine the seroprevalence of HIV. We led to the MACO, from March 10 to 24, 2014, a descriptive transvers study. Were included, the inmates in the prison during the study period, randomly drawn, with at least one month in detention, and who agreed in a free and lit way, to participate in the study. For the screening of the HIV infection, the test was systematically proposed to every participant who marked his agreement by signing a sheet of consent. During the study period, 419 male majority-owned (95%), young (mean age 31 years) were surveyed. Over 54% of respondents had never done the HIV test. Fear of discovering infected (62%) was the main reason for non-completion of the test. On 280 inmates who agreed to testing, the serology returned positive in the HIV1 to five investigated, is a HIV prevalence in 1.8 %. The HIV prevalence in MACO remains very high compared to the general population of Burkina Faso. Urgent action is needed to raise awareness.

SATIM (Automated Exchange Company and automatic relations between banks) is a key part of the national policy to reform and modernization of the banking sector in Algeria. SATIM has introduced the electronic payment system in practice since 2002. Where CIB is launched in 2006. This paper purpose to show the application and practice of marketing electronic banking at this institution; by emphasizing the ability to meet its marketing goals through the launch of the CIB card and what are the most obstacles met. And that through a survey of statistics provided by SATIM Foundation and its banks. This paper attempts to open two parentheses on the main economic and technical environmental variables that govern the making of marketing strategies in SATIM.

Ituri province in DRC faces to malnutrition of his population. Agriculture and especially livestock have a low yield due to bad government and low assistance of farmers. Importation of food is very high. A survey was implemented on local chickens rearing in Nioka and beyond in Ituri province. Conducted at the household level, standard methods of interviews and structured questionnaires were used on characterization chicken’s production systems and commercialization. Survey began on March 27th 2017 to April 24th 2017. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis such as frequency distribution, percentages and means comparison on IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 software. Results confirmed in terms of animal husbandry, extension services and marketing channel that local chickens were mostly reared in traditional systems. Chicken’s products prices were high. To start a good program of chicken industry in this province and as well as in entire the country, selection of local chickens should before be carried out on characterization of production systems and genetic molecular analysis.

This study, carried out in a rural area, at the grasscutter farm of Aheremou II (Taabo, Côte d'Ivoire) aims to determine the breeding performance of grasscutters and to test the effect of three grasses (Pennisetum purpureum, Rottboellia exaltata et Andropogon gayanus) on the growth of young female grasscutters. Each grass was tested on a group of 10 young female grasscutters. The temporary mating polygamous method was adopted. The results show that the breeding performance of this grasscutter farm was satisfactory: fertility (87.50 %), fecundity (315 %), prolificity (4.5). However, the reproduction rate (70 %) of the adult female grasscutters must be improved and the mortality rate (30.15 %) of the young grasscutters is very high. Forages of Pennisetum purpureum (12.14 g/d) and Rottboellia exaltata (11.55 g/d) give higher average daily gains (ADG) than Andropogon gayanus (8.83 g/d). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between ADGs of the young female grasscutters fed with Pennisetum purpureum and those fed with Rottboellia exaltata. On the other hand, the statistical tests reveal that the ADGs of the young female grasscutters fed with Pennisetum purpureum and Rottboellia exaltata are significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the ADGs of those fed with Andropogon gayanus.

The study assessed the effects of diets incorporating mango feed on the weight and economic performance of local chickens in finishing. To do this, three rations R1 (mango + corn bran) and R2 (mango + rice bran) and CR (without mango) each corresponding to a batch of 30 chickens were tested for 06 weeks. The results show that the final weight of R1 (1061±10 g) was significantly lower than those of R2 and CR (1208±206 g) (p<0.05). The voluntary food consumption of R2 (72±2.8 g/subject) was significantly higher than that of R1 (61.6±0.6g) and CR (62.39g) (p<0.05). The ADG of CR (9.24±3.26 g) was significantly higher than that of R1 (6.86±2.32g) and R2 (8.29±2.66 g) homogeneous (p>0.05). The consumption index (CI) and the food consumption for 01 Kg of live weight (FCkgLW) of R1 and R2 were significantly higher than those of CR (p<0.05). In conclusion, mango feed are an alternative to increased availability of feed for chickens. Experienced R1 and R2 rations can be recommended for the growth-finishing of local broilers. It will be necessary to assess the quality of carcasses and explore opportunities to reduce food production costs.

The Californian Red Scale (CRS) Aonidiella aurantii is one of the dreadful pests of citrus fruits given the amount of damage caused. The use of organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos-ethyl) is a common practice in chemical control of severe pests. In order to reduce the use of this product, two other coccicides (spirotetramat, pyriproxifene) alone or in combination with white oils were tested against the spring generation of CRS. The monitoring was carried out each week between November and January on a sample of 50 fruits at a rate of 5 fruits per tree out of a total of 10 trees per treatment with 4 repetitions. Four levels of fruit infestation were observed: non-infested, 1 to 3, 4 to 10 and more than 10 cochineals per fruit. The results of the statistical analysis revealed that among the products tested, chlorpyrifos ethyl at a dose of 150cc / hl, white oil alone and spirotetramate at a dose of 36cc / hl gave good results. At harvest, chlorpyrifos ethyl treatment at the dose of 150cc / hl gave an efficiency equal to that of half-dose chlorpyriphos ethyl (75cc / hl + 1% of white oil), pyriproxyfen at the dose of 75 cc / hl and white oil alone at a dose of 1.5%. These results are promising insofar as they can be considered in IPM control programs.

Unlike the official candidates who have been trained in the preparation cycle in the preparatory cycle for the Aggregation of Life and Earth sciences in Morocco, the competition of the Aggregation of this discipline is more and more feared by the free candidates (holders of Master, DEA, DES and PhD) who come directly to this competition without initial training. Indeed, since its creation in Morocco in 1991, none of the candidates could even succeed in writing the contest. This work, intended for free candidates, aims to contribute, via new technology, to a training of these candidates to improve their preparation for the written tests of cell biology and physiology of the contest. The results of an exploratory study conducted with two groups of free candidates, control and experimental, emphasize that distance learning, via ICT, could be a promising alternative for effective preparation for the written exams of the competition of the Aggregation of Life and Earth sciences in Morocco. The differences observed between the two groups of candidates highlight an improvement in the cognitive and methodological skills of these candidates.

The present study is the concern of Hergé’s Tintin au Congo Enunciative reading. Tintin au Congo works as an illustrative sample if we consider its artistic nature (lines which constitute drawings expressing movements) of the strip cartoon of developing a plot that is able to be translated into a literary work. The enunciative setting in a strip cartoon sets characters in couples (transmitters – recipients) who make use of different vignettes as an excellent communicative frame. The spatial setting takes the form of places under images printings. The temporal setting and the modal particles are placed in balloons. In fact, Tintin au Congo is a speaking work. The ingredients which animate it (pictures and texts) provoke more particular attention then what is the concern of the literary work.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the real problem facing the Democratic Republic of Congo in the organisation of elections since the beginning of this third phase of the electoral process is the independence of institutions responsible for the electoral process. It notes that the evolution of the legal framework of the CENI and the courts in charge of litigation have not made it possible to guarantee its members freedom of action vis-à-vis the majority in power. In the last elections (2018), almost all CENI members were considered close to the electoral platform of the outgoing Head of State, Joseph Kabila. The latter also retained a major influence on the appointment process of judges of the Constitutional Court. It also found that it was very difficult two months before the elections to reach a consensus on changes that would restore confidence in these institutions. It should be noted that in 2016, four months of negotiations and two dialogues failed to resolve this issue. The opening of discussions on the replacement of all members of the board of the CENI and the Constitutional Court was synonymous with a new postponement of these elections. By 2016, it had already been difficult for political actors to agree on a consensus facilitator and the modalities of discussions. Hence the difficulty for the Congolese DR State to restore peace by organizing free, credible, democratic and transparent elections.