The purpose of this investigation has been to measure the influence of workplace promotion on employees’ performance in Zanzibar public sectors through promotional procedure, policy and management attitudes viewpoints. The case study research design was adopted to investigate this contemporary phenomenon and employed self-administered questionnaires for 40 individuals and proprietors in local Business and Property Registration Agency-a public sector operating in Zanzibar, Tanzania. The primary data collected were supplemented with secondary data and analysed using quantitative procedures. The result shows the presence of correlation between promotion and employees ’performance with significance at 5% level. The management attitude is 0.523 and employees have faith to management attitude (P= 0.001), promotional policy, is 0.425 which facilitates employees to attain goals with (P= 0.005). Promotional procedure also revealed 0.546 that increases employees’ performance and commitment with correlation of (P= 0.001).The results show that strong relationship exist in perceived performance and strength of promotional policy, promotional procedure and employees’ performance and relationship also exist in management attitude on promotion and employees’ performance which means promotional procedures and practices have to be fully implemented in public organizations for better employee’s performance.

This investigation aimed at assessing the impact of training on the performance of academic staffs in the Institute of Public Administration (IPA), Zanzibar with specific target to determine the impact of both On-The-Job Training (OJT) and Off-The-Job for the performance of academic staffs at IPA. Qualitative research approach has been applied in the study with total population of 43 academic staffs who were used to respond to the questionnaires to elicit the information for the investigation.The findings were presented through descriptions, charts and tables and reveal that, there exist a reasonable number of OJT opportunities that are offered within the institute in accordance to most of the academic staff. Also, findings revealed that off the-job training has positive contributions of the academic staff and mentioned (76.7%) that off the –job training have positive contribution to the performance of academic staff in IPA. Moreover, the findings revealed that the outcome of Off The-Job Training in IPA is to provide Creativity, reflective capability & ability to improvise teaching performance for IPA academic staffs. Furthermore, the study recommends that; the management of The Institute of Public Administration should prepare reasonable budget for academic staff training. Also, the management should conduct training Needs Assessment for On the Job and Off the Job trainings in order to identify the effective trainings to its academic staffs and set up training policy which will include a well-designed training schedule for IPA staffs.

This study aimed at examining Customers’ perception on adoption and use of e-banking services at Tanzania Commercial Banks. The main objective was to examine customers’ adoption and use of electronic banking services in Tanzania Commercial Bank and specifically, the study determined customers perception in terms of usefulness, usage, trust and awareness, and whether this perception have an impact in the use of traditional methods at National Microfinance Bank (NMB) in Tanzania. Questionnaires method was employed to collect information of the study from the NMB customer and for NMB annual report was used. Data was analysed by the use of statistical package for social science (SPSS).Findings indicated that majority of the respondents were appealed to use traditional banking services due to security, assurance, convenience and accessibility of services. The findings also indicated that majority of respondents found that the electronic banking services technology was easy to use, simple but needed training on its usage and also the customers have less awareness about the electronic banking services. On factors that influence the adoption of internet and mobile banking, the study found that majority of respondents indicated that internet and mobile banking improve the banking service to a great extent and majority of respondents rated the performance of the internet and mobile banking as excellent. Similarly, the study found that, ease of use, perceived risk, reliability, perceived usefulness and received creditability influenced adoption of internet and mobile banking.The study concludes that secure and better ICT quality positively assists in building trust among the users who will utilize the electronic banking services. It is recommended that banks should give high priority to customer service efficacy and should consider electronic banking as important key drivers towards successful implementation of customer service efficacy. Bank managers and policy makers should direct efforts and resources in the most effective and efficient way to increase bank business in long run and encourage customers to adopt electronic banking by training customers.

In this study on teaching in the Congo, a springboard or a career for young people, we have set ourselves two objectives, in particular to grasp the way in which the graduating students of the first and second cycles of the Higher Pedagogical Institute of Kindu consider the education (in other words, discover the value they give to their world of work), and understand if they are ready to access it and want to stay there as long as possible despite the difficulties involved. We found in the light of our results that the young people surveyed consider teaching to be a job for life (career) and they show a desire to integrate the profession in order to stay there for a long time., notwithstanding the difficulties which surround this profession in the Democratic Republic of Congo and which make society consider as miserable, those who work there.

Nowadays, pyridinium salts are an important source of raw materials whose applications are found in chemical and industrial industry. By introducing other types of anions or by modifying their structures, their properties can be easily modified. After synthesis of a series of these compounds, a study of their structures has been started. Using Hammett substituent constants, the direct polar conjugation effect on nitrogen group of nucleus were studied. The spectroscopic characteristics determined show that the vibrations of the carbonyl group ν (c=o) are well correlated with the constants of the Hammett substituent as well as the integral intensities B8. Considering the perchlorate ion, the largest integral intensity is found with the perchlorate N- methoxycarbonyloxy-4-methyloxypyridinium with a value of 20,1.10-3 L.mol-1cm-2. The smallest value concerns the perchlorate N- methoxycarbonyloxypyridinium (15, 6.10-3 L.mol-1cm-2). The ν_(c=o) variables vary in the opposite direction and are 1826 cm-1 and 1831 cm-1, respectively. With these two characteristic quantities and the Hammett substituent parameters, the best correlation is found by using σ_R^+. The displacement of the electronic density of the radical on the nitrogen group occurs. Thus, methoxy, phenyloxy and aryloxy carbonyls groups polarize the pyridinium system group and create the conditions for the manifestation of direct polar conjugation effects.

The introductory database course is given to students of the different disciplines of our institution. This course focuses on the design and implementation of relational databases. The purpose of our paper is to present a pedagogical and didactic reflexion on this course. We will try to answer the following questions: Which knowledge objects should be transposed? What are the expected learning outcomes? What pedagogical and didactic tools to use to promote teaching/learning? What teaching approach should be adopted to achieve the learning objectives?

The study evaluated the impact of cashless policy on financial inclusion in Nigeria for the period 2009 to 2019. Cashless policy instruments adopted in the study were automated teller machine, Point of Sale terminals, mobile phone banking and web (internet) banking while number of depositors per 1,000 adults was adopted as proxy for financial inclusion. Rather than investigating the ‘joint impact’ of cashless policy instruments on financial inclusion, this study investigated the ‘individual impacts’ of the policy instruments on the aforementioned target variable - financial inclusion. Thus, simple regression technique was employed in carrying out the empirical analysis. Findings revealed that automated teller machines; point of sale terminals; mobile phone banking and web cashless instruments had significant impacts on financial inclusion in Nigeria. However, the elasticity of financial inclusion to these cashless policy instruments varied with automated teller machines and web cashless instruments having larger elasticity than point of sale terminals and mobile phone cashless instruments. The study recommended, among others, that Central Bank of Nigeria should make policies aimed at compelling deposit money banks in Nigeria to establish more automated teller machine points in major cities and rural areas as well as increase web transactions in Nigeria. In this way, financial inclusion in Nigeria would be enhanced.

This article aims to assess the impact of imports on inflation in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 1980 to 2016. Using a vector-error-correction model (VECM), the results show that: Imports induce the level of inflation in the DRC; Moreover, inflation is also explained by the money supply, the long-term exchange rate, economic growth and the budget deficit in the short and long term; Moreover, an innovation in the standard deviation of the inflation rate of the order of one unit (a positive shock) generally results in a positive effect on its values during the period under consideration; this is not the case for the exchange rate and the economic growth rate, which are negatively affected by the said shock during the same period.

The microbiological quality analysis of 914 samples of food products, taken at restaurants and food outlets the most vulnerable to human health in the Tetouan region (Northwest of Morocco) between 2012 and 2017, were conducted at the Regional Laboratory for Epidemiological Diagnosis and Environmental Health. This analysis showed that the rate of non-compliance of different food categories reached 77.8% during 2012, and then it dropped to a percentage of 60.5% in 2014, and a rate of 62.5% during the year 2017. This non-compliance affected all the food categories studied, but it varies according to the type of food. Meat products and raw vegetables are the most contaminated, with a rate of non-compliance of 80.75% and 81.81% respectively, followed by dairy products with a rate of 63.47%, and ready meals with 60 %.

Interstitial pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy. It is characterized by its implantation in the intra-myometrial part of the fallopian tube. It constitutes a gynecological emergency since its rupture can lead to morbidity and mortality. Its diagnosis remains difficult, and is based on four ultrasound criteria which are not always found. In the absence of rupture, conservative medical treatment is used more and more because it allows anatomical integrity to be preserved. We report a case of interstitial pregnancy successfully treated with a single injection of Methotrexate intramuscularly.

The study is based on a descriptive statistical approach aimed at analysing and processing hydrogeochemical data of groundwater draining the geological formations of the Beni Hassan Dorsal. The study area is located in the northern part of Morocco, in the Northern Rif. The latter is part of the Flyschs nappes and part of the calcareous dorsal of the Rifaine chain to the south-east of the city of Tetouan. The formations of the main calcareo-dolomitic and detrital geomorphological units constitute an important reservoir in the study area. An inventory of the main resurgences of water points was carried out around the Dorsal and the sandstone massif. Consequently, 7 water points (including 6 springs and 1 well) were the subject of an in situ physico-chemical measurement, a chemical analysis in the laboratory, and in addition a hydrogeological study. The main water springs in the studied area spring up along abnormal contacts of the calcareo-dolomitic Dorsal with impermeable formations. Aquifers in the study area are generally of two types, depending on their physical attributes. They are therefore two types of natural groundwater reservoirs: fissured aquifers and aquifers in porous media. Generally speaking, from a chemical standpoint, the groundwater in the study area is less mineralized to moderately mineralized and shows bicarbonate-calcium chemical facies.

The objective of this study was to value the effect of two organic fertilizers (dung of goat and manure of cow) on the growth parameters and yield of the three varieties of banana (musa spp) cultivated in Mulungu station.The test was conducted according to a device in split plot with three replicates. Three treatments have been valued: the dung of goat (T1), the manure of cow (T2) and a control treatment (without fertilizers) T0.The observations were about the circumference to the collar, the circumference to 1m the collar, the height of the banana trees, the number of the hands, the number of the fingers, the length of the fingers, the yield in régime. The gotten results showed that on the soil of the station of Mulungu, the banana trees dealt with 10 kg of dung of cool goat or manure of cow generated the best growths. However, the dung of goat to the same dose permit to get the best middle values of the length of the fingers 20.667cm, of outputs of 48,8 T/has is 75% during the survey.

Hydro-agricultural fitting out seen as a main solution to the problems of rainfall deficits represent a source of degradation of the plant cover. The aim of this study was to understand the dynamics of land use units linked to hydro-agricultural fitting out in the Tapoa watershed. The methodology deployed consisted in the diachronic analysis of multi-date images of Landsat Thematic Mapper from 1975, 1998 ETM + and OLI-TIRS from 2018. Several scenes were used and a difference period of 43 years divided into two periods allowed us to compare the evolution of land use units within the limits of the Tapoa watershed. The results show an increase in crop areas compared to other natural units. The cultivated areas which occupied 5.4% of the watershed surface in 1975, reach 22.54%. For the savannahs’ area​​, it decreased from 83% to 61.98% in the period 1975-2018. These observed changes are largely linked to the development of human activities induced by the Tapoa hydro-agricultural fitting out. The regression of plant units to the benefit of anthropized spaces testifies the degradation of natural plant cover. This development, although having positive socio-economic benefits, is a degradation factor of the natural environment of the area. However, it cannot be the only factor in the deterioration and their dynamics.

This study is part of the development of sands and gravels in the locality of Attiékoi (south-east of Côte d'Ivoire) in public works technique. The objective is to determine the lithological and geotechnical characteristics of the formations in order to assess the depth, extent and quality of the gravel deposit to be exploited. After the lithological characterization and according to AFNOR standards, geotechnical tests were carried out on the samples. These are the sieve size analysis, the Atterberg limits, the modified Proctor, CBR and VBS tests, the sand equivalent, the specific gravity, the apparent density, the Los Angeles, the Micro-Delval and chemical analyzes. (Magnesium, Calcium, Salinity). The results revealed six lithological units, including coarse-grained sands, mottled clays, conglomerate formations, gravelly sand, lateritic clay and bar earth. The geotechnical characterization testifies to three preponderant classes of aggregates (fillers, sands and gravel). These tests show that these materials do not meet the minimum specifications and cannot be suitable for public works.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills without any soil protection constitutes an environmental risk factor in particular heavy metal pollution. These sites, located close to inhabitants, can induce contamination through the food chain. The present work aims to be a contribution in measuring heavy metals concentrations generated by unsorted waste dumped from 1983 until 2008 on Buterere open air landfill in Bujumbura to assess soil contamination, pollution levels and health risk. Materials used are soil samples collected from 15 points at the Buterere site. The physicochemical characterization of the soil was carried out by thermogravimetry (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (X-RD). The determination of heavy metals was carried out by X-ray fluorescence (X-RF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma atomic Spectroscopy-Optical Emission (ICP-OES). Chronic carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk indices were evaluated based on experimental results in order to formulate adequate prospects for remediation. Results show that the heavy metals are not homogeneously dispersed on Buterere site but their concentration levels do generally exceed the limit values (World Health Organization, European Union). A significant correlation (p <0.05) was demonstrated for the simultaneous presence of the micropollutants of Cd, Cu, Fe and Zn in the study area. Based on these results, the health risk assessment reveals that the Buterere site can induce carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic nuisances to the population in its and therefore remedial measures are proposed.

In DR Congo, broilers are increasingly popular, their diet requires a certain protein balance. Cowpea seeds are particularly rich in protein (23 to 25 of their dry weigh), carbohydrates (50 to 67%) and lipid (1,9%). The objective of this article is to improve the diet of broilers by substituting soybeans for cowpea seeds in Kabinda. Three batches of 30 chicks to 15 days were feed rations based Cowpea seeds, Chicken feed 0% control (T0), chikens feed 10% cowpea (T1) and chikens feed 20% (T2). The results obtained on the average daily earnings varied betwen 56 and 160g thraught the experimental period. The effect of substituting soybeans with cowpea seeds were remarkable in the third and fifth week of observation. However, chickens subjected to 20% cowpea (T2) presented a GMQ superior of 160g contrary to the control chickens (T0) is 98. The use of all diets resulted in much more remarkable performance influences for protein-rich rations. It emerges from this study that soybeans can be replaced by roasted cowpea seeds in chicken feed in Kabinda.

The convergence of this research paper is a field study - aimed at knowing the impact of the use of information and communication technology in improving the teaching and learning of the life sciences lesson, and how to develop teaching and learning methods for this subject, by employing modern technology for information and communication, as the abundance of information and scientific concepts in life sciences lessons It has become an obstacle that contributes to the students ’aversion to the subject, and makes them focus on automated saving, which creates difficulties for them, and to overcome them we tried to answer the following questions: How can the quality of life science lessons be improved? How can life science lessons be transformed from passive reception and Auto save to interaction and participation ?The results showed that the incorporation of information and communication technology in the completion of life sciences lessons by the professors remains very weak, so that 51% are not taught using the latter and adopt the traditional method, due to the erratic contradictions they have about these techniques, but for the students we recorded the improvement of both The rate of understanding, interaction, and motivation for the experimental group was clear, as the rate increased by 4.65 points.This indicates the importance of incorporating TICE in the teaching of the subject.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), represents today the psychotherapeutic current most widely validated by the methods of Evidence Based Medicine. The aim of this work is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of this therapy in the management of temporomandibular disorders, which are pathologies of multifactorial origin, in which the psychic factor plays an important role.The collection of data from the scientific literature was carried out among the scientific production published during the period from 2004 to 2019 through research on the PubMed database.Articles published and meeting the eligibility criteria were identified after reading their titles and abstracts by 3 readers.A manual search covering the same period was conducted to expand the bibliography.Through this systematic review, we can abstract the following conclusions:- Temporomandibular joint disorders are pathologies with various origins, in which the psychic factor plays an important role in the appearance and maintenance of the disorder, as well as during treatment.-In front of this pathology which is multifactorial, medical care must address all of the elements responsible of the disorder.- The treatment plan must be adapted to each patient, promoting the non-invasive conservative therapeutic means (drug treatments, occlusal splints).-The combination of the standard conservative therapy with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which is a psychotherapy that focuses on the patient's wrong and negative thoughts and beliefs, allows to increases the effectiveness of treatment, accelerates healing and prevents relapse.- Further studies are needed, with a longer observation period and a large sample size. In order to make a better analysis of this effectiveness, not only on temporomandibular joint disorders, but also for the various oral and dental pathologies which are related to the psychology of the patients. In addition, the oral cavity represents an organ with high psychological importance, and the dentist must today know how to approach a patient as a globality for a better care.

The present study was initiated to evaluate the nutrient composition and microbiological quality of composite flours based on fonio, soybean and mango for possible use as complementary food for children aged 6-24 months. For this purpose, four composite flours CF1 = 90: 10: 0, CF2 = 80: 15: 5, CF3 = 70: 20: 10 and CF4 = 60: 30: 10 were formulated from fonio, soybean and mango flour ratio respectively. Chemical analyses showed that these composite flours contain 6.18-15.25% crude fat, 10.73-11.35% crude protein, 48.60-66.55% carbohydrates and 355.37-384.39 kcal of energy, which are close to the standard recommended by World Health Organization. However, the composite flours had levels of calcium (13.46-22.78 mg/100 g), vitamin C (12.40-32.70 mg/100 g) and iron (4.27-7.73 mg/100 g) lower than standard values. The in vitro digestibility of the formulations showed that CF2 was more hydrolyze than the other composite flours with 301 µg of glucose released in 3 hours. With regard to the results of microbiological analyzes, all germs of hygienic interest (mesophilic aerobic germs, total coliforms, yeasts and molds, enterobacteria and Staphylococcus aureus) were found with loads below the recommended microbiological standards. However, CF3 was outside of the recommended limits in terms of Staphylococcus aureus loads. This study revealed that the formulated complementary foods from local products have great potential in providing nutritious foods for children. This is promising for regions where protein-energy malnutrition is prevalent.

The purpose of the present work is to use gravity and magnetic data to improve the knowledge of the lead A of the petroleum block 7 of the Cuvette Centrale sedimentary basin in the DR Congo. These data were processed using the regional-residual separation method in order to make a detailed study of the basement and the thick sedimentary cover. As a result, we noticed that this lead rests on a basement uplift zone wedged between the sub-basins of Busira in the west and Lomami in the east. It is therefore an ideal location to receive the oil and gas expelled from these two depocenters. The horizontal derivative maps allowed us to identify the multiple faults that cut into the geological formations due to compressive events and the lifting of the dome-shaped basement at this location. Thanks to 3D modeling we found that the compression that caused this significant uplift of the basement generated several antiform folds and salt domes above this large dome. The Half-Width method was used to estimate the depth of certain identified sources. The integration of the R9 seismic profile in the interpretation of the data allowed us to have a much clearer picture on the important oil targets in this lead. At the end of this study we established a petroleum structural map of the region which improves our knowledge on the structures of petroleum interest having played a major role both in the process of migration of hydrocarbons and in their trapping.

The culture value a person is born into goes a long way toward determining that individual's behavior beliefs, patterns. Culture is defined as a shared set of beliefs or practices or among a group of people in a particular place and time. Analysts, marketers and consumers themselves use an awareness of culture value to learn why and how consumers in a specific culture behave the way they do. Indeed, Marketers and analysts spend a great deal of time and money studying the influence of culture value on consumer green behavior. This is particularly true for multinational firms that have customers from a various series of cultural backgrounds. A strong marketing strategy in one culture might be offensive or even unappealing, to members of another culture. Marketers cater to specific cultural behaviors by offering divers versions of the same product that are tailored to appeal to the target public. This research investigates the effect of Moroccan consumer’s cultural values on green consumer behavior.

Smallholder farmers are the main food providers for rural and urban people in Burkina Faso, however, they suffer from a lack of appropriate farm mechanized. The work aims to understand the current situation in regards to food security of smallholder farmers in the Hauts-Bassin Region (HBR), Appropriate-Scale Mechanization Consortium (ASMC) intervention area. Approximately 30 households per village in 32 villages totaling 946 households were surveyed. Ninety-eight percent of farmers produced maize and 34% produced vegetables for the market or family consumption. Cereal crop production per household was about 8.7 ha, 5.2 ha of which was for maize production. The average production of maize was 4300 kg per household with yields ranging from 1000 to 1700 kg/ha. Eight percent of households reported a Food Consumption Score (FCS) less than 21 (poor food consumption) while 10% reported an FCS less than 35 (borderline food consumption). However, under the standard World Food Program (WFP) scoring category, 82% of the households had acceptable food consumption score. Annual per capita food consumption expenditures in HBR varied across provinces from 45611 to 49498 CFA ($79 to $85 U.S). Although 59% of households reported having access to credit, only 42% received credit. Sixty-nine percent of households used improved high-yielding and drought-tolerant seeds. In conclusion, we determined in this study that 82% of the households had acceptable FCS. The remaining 18% of households belonging to a group of poor to borderline FCS need food assistance to improve their food situation. Therefore, formulation and implementation of food security policies targeting these vulnerable households to ensure a healthy diet are necessary. Besides, amelioration of agriculture production systems through appropriate scale mechanization will intensify sustainably while diversifying food production. Finally, a periodic food security profile study covering the various seasons' will helps understand the dynamics and implement better food security policies.

The effects of physical activities on physiologicals symptoms among menopauses in Kinshasa (D.R.Congo) have not yet been studied. To evaluate the effects of physical activities practice on physiologicals parameters of menopauses after 6 months of experimentation, a longitudinal study was conducted in Kinshasa (D.R.Congo). It concerned 46 females divided into 2 groups (experimental and control group). These subjects were submitted to some measures and quiz before and after experimentation but the experimental group has been submitted to a cycle of 6 months’ physical activities. After experimentation, we have observed a significantly increase of behavior of experimental group. The subjects of experimental group came to enjoy increased physiological parameters while the subjects of control group continued to face physiological increased discomfort. The practice of physical activities among menopauses contributes to the increase of their physiological health and is a therapy for physiological symptoms of menopause.