Rubber seeds are recalcitrant seeds and cannot withstand intensive desiccation. The time from seed falling off rubber tree to seed sowing is crucial for germination and seedling growth. The present study compared the sowing time effect of GT1 and Reyan73397 seeds after harvest on germination and seedling growth. The results showed that GT1 seeds after harvest should be sown during 3 days and Reyan 73397 seeds should be sown during one day, seed germination was negatively correlated with seed width and seed weight, seedling plant height and leaf SPAD value was negatively correlated with seed length. Taken together, seed sowing time affects seed germination and the growth of rubber seedlings, and understanding seed sowing time effects helps to collect and transport seeds timely so as to sow and obtain high-quality rootstock seedlings.

With a view to contributing to the improvement of the quantitative and qualitative production of honey, a human-powered centrifugal extractor was designed, manufactured and tested at the Agricultural Engineering laboratory of the University of Dschang. The design was based on standard frame sizes for modern hive supers, mechanical design standards and honey quality standards. The tests were carried out with frames of Langstroth hive supers from an apiary in the town of Bafoussam I. Apart from the gear system constructed from cast iron, the other components of the puller were constructed from galvanized and stainless steel. The components of this machine are as follows: (a) a tank with a diameter of 650 mm, a height of 800 mm and a thickness of 1 mm; (b) a rotating basket with a diameter of 600 mm, a height of 550 mm and a thickness of 6 mm; (c) a transmission system consisting of a bevel gear, transmission ratio 1: 4, module 1.5 mm with a driving wheel and a pinion; (d) two 20 mm internal diameter ball bearings; (e) a 20 mm diameter transmission shaft; (f) a centering and clamping plate made of length 650 mm, width 80 mm and thickness 5 mm. The machine stand has a diameter of 651 mm, a height of 1000 mm and a diameter of 21 mm. Three extraction tests were carried out. The results obtained were as follows: average extraction rate: 78.36%; average hourly capacity: 35.35 kg/h, average mass of solid particles: 0.098 g/100 g of honey. The fabricated extractor will allow beekeepers to make several harvests over the year because the bee cells are not destroyed during the extraction. This preservation of aveoles will lead to the sowing of other hives after extraction. This machine is simple to operate and maintain; you just need to clean it and lubricate the gear system and the bearings regularly.

In this present work, we want to do an autopsy of the various administrative divisions or reforms operated in the DRC since its accession to independence and its results on the ground and take a critical look at what was in its administrative organization before its independence.

This paper presents the SRIM simulation investigation of energetic particles (electrons, protons, heavy ions…) irradiation. Heavy Ions used are: ³⁶Ar, ⁷⁸Kr, ¹³⁶Xe and ²³⁸U. The electronic and nuclear energy losses of the incident ions and their course in the target material of silicon was calculated. We studied the stopping power or LET (Linear Energy Transfer), it makes possible to evaluate the actual path and the penetration profiles of the incident ion in the silicon target.

Food losses play a very important role in efforts to fight hunger, increase incomes and improve food security in the poorest countries. They have an impact on food security for the poorest populations, on food quality and food safety, on economic development and on the environment. The purpose of the survey is to analyze food consumption habits. The variables used are regional disparity and socio-economic category (age group, monthly food consumption expenditure, consumer preferences for supermarkets, density of meal preparation, preparation for purchases in view of compliance with the needs (rationality). Our sample consists of 2004 households over 20 years old; our sample was broken down into 4 age groups, by sex, by 7 regions, by number of families, by number of working families, and by education. thanks to our sample, we detecteddetect the following factors or determinants of food waste; a highest percentage claim that they buy too much in quantities greater than needed, a lower percentage believe that they cook large quantities of meals, a smaller number of consumers claim that they buy food products in a random manner. 74.8% argue that it is the default of poor food preservation. 58% of consumers explain this waste by the fact that food products become non-edible before the expiration date. Tunisian consumers are aware that there is a lot of waste (70% of Tunisian families consider that there is a lot of waste). Unfortunately, only 3.9% of the remaining food is recycled, which represents a very low percentage compared to that spilled in the trash (24%). Nevertheless, 45% of the remaining food is supplied to domestic animals, which explains a lower level of wastage in the north and south than in Greater Tunis (the presence of the activity of raising sheep, chickens and rabbits…). This component is a factor promoting the circular economy.

The expansion of artisanal gold mining is observed throughout the territory of Côte d'Ivoire. This is the case of the city of Toulépleu, in the west of the country. These artisanal activities, by opening quarries and wells, help at the way to describe lithologies and to understand the distribution of metals. It is the main objective of this study in Toulépleu which proceeds first by the description of the sites of artisanal mining activities, then by the study of the excavated material and horizons exposed finally the analysis of the samples on the X-ray Spectrometer. It appears that the associated gold mineralization is alluvial. The mineralized horizon is gravelly associated with quartz pebbles and rock fragments. These derived from the schists and granitoids of the Toulépleu-Ity furrow constituting the hills whose weathering products pile up successively in the valleys, concentrating gold by the same process. The brechic forms with subrounded of the pebbles and fragments of rocks indicate the result of a low hydrodynamics. The lihostratigraphic correlation shows, from the bottom to the surface, a succession of three horizons: clay, amalgam (gravelly) and clay-sandy. The mineralized horizon is thus preserved by the two clay horizons that frame it. Silicification decreases with depth especially in the mineralized zone which is also associated with zinc, silver, zirconium, sulfur and arsenic. Iron, calcium and manganese oxides evolve in contrast to silicification. Other metals like lead, vanadium, nickel, copper are distributed according to the sites and the depth of the wells.

Bananas are one of the main foodstuffs in the city of Butembo. In order to understand the marketing circuit as well as the consumption of bananas at the household level, a study was carried out in the city of Butembo. Its objectives were to understand how the marketing system for cooking bananas and plantains is organized and structured, to identify the problems or difficulties that hinder the marketing of cooking bananas and plantains and to compare the consumption of plantains to that of cooking bananas in households. To achieve these objectives, a survey was conducted among 96 plantain and cooking banana sellers and 100 households were used for the consumption study. At the end of these surveys, the results reveal that the banana marketing circuit is characterized by a multitude of actors playing different functions and having divergent market logics. The majority of these players are retailers (69.07 %) and wholesalers in the consumer market (50.52 %). Processors and wholesalers at the place of production are less represented. The main constraints in the marketing of plantains and cooking bananas are related to losses due to the perishability of bananas, transport problems induced by the advanced state of disrepair of the roads in the supply areas, the lack of customers, the lack of banana conservation structure, price instability and lack of knowledge of the transformation of bananas into other products. This study shows that 100 % of surveyed households consume plantains (Ndizi) against 98 % of households that consume cooking bananas (Bisamunyu). Regarding the consumption of bananas within a household, the study shows that a household with an average household size can consume between 1 and 10 kg of cooking bananas per day and per meal with an average of 3.15±1.78 kg. The interpretation of the third quartile indicates that 75 % of the households surveyed consume a daily quantity of cooking bananas of less than 4 kg per meal. Regarding the consumption of plantains, in a household with an average household size, the daily quantity varies from 1 to 8 kg with an average of 2.39 ± 1.23 kg per meal. Indeed, 75% of surveyed households consume less than 3 kg of plantains per day and per meal.

This study, conducted in the city of Butembo from January 6, 2019 to August 24, 2021, consisted in assessing the microbiological quality of two foodstuffs delivered for human consumption: cooked yellow yams (Dioscorea cayensis) and ripe bananas (Musa accuminata balbisiana) as well as to determine the frequencies of microbial pollution in these two foodstuffs in order to inquire about the danger to consumers who are exposed to it. The microbiological analysis of 80 samples of yellow yams taken from the four markets of the city of Butembo revealed an overall pollution of 95%, with 37.5% of simple microbial pollution dominated by Streptococcus spp (17.5%), followed by Enterobacter sakazaki and Staphylococcus other than aureus which each have 7.5%, finally Enterabacter agglomerans1 and Staphylococcus aureus which each have 2.5%. The statistical analysis of these results showed that the frequencies of simple and mixed microbial pollution are significantly different (P<0.05) in the four markets of the city of Butembo (X2c=respectively 14.38 and 12.14; dll =3). In addition, the microbiological analysis of 80 samples of ripe bananas taken from the four markets of the town of Butembo revealed an overall contamination rate of 65% dominated by Hafnia sp (25%), followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens (15%), Aeromonas spp and Klebsiella pneumoniae which each have (10%), finally Alcaligene dispar (5%). These frequencies of bacterial pollution in the ripe bananas examined are significantly different (P<9.89) in the four markets of the city of Butembo (X2c=9.8; ddl=3).

In the rural commune of Luotu, market gardening is a significant supplement to food and is a source of substantial income that allows some local populations to live decently. It is in this context that this study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the impact of market gardening activities on food security in the rural commune of Luotu, province of North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. The surveys were carried out in two villages (Valya and Lukole) due to 60 market gardeners per village. The results show that market gardening is booming in the study area; the most popular are leeks, cabbage, beans, corn, peas, potatoes, onions, carrots, garlic, amaranths, etc. The choice of one of the vegetable crops is more dictated by food and cultural habits as well as its financial profitability. It was found that men are more involved in this activity and generate more income (127.2 ± 184.9 USD) than women (112.2 ± 169.5 USD). Although this activity is lucrative, it is faced with problems (lack of market gardeners inputs, land tenure insecurity, lack of financing, climate disturbance), does not cover domestic needs for 42.9% of market gardeners surveyed but also of products remains a constraint for distant marketing center sites. These market gardeners, especially the majority (68.3%) have never benefited from technical supervision from agronomists working in local development organizations or associations. In addition, analyzes show that market garden products are sold more in village markets (67.5%) than in city markets (13.3%), along roads (5%) and in the field (14, 2%). The leafy vegetables consumed by market gardeners in the rural town of Luotu are sombe (15.4%), amaranth (18.1%), bitter nightshade (14.5%), headed cabbage (21.2%) %), cauliflower (11.8%), squash leaves (8.1%), bean leaves (8.1%), taro and colocases leaves (2.8%). However, the frequency of daily meal intake is twice a day for 53% of market garden households. Those who eat once and three times a day represent 23 and 23% respectively. Market gardeners in the rural commune of Luotu allocate an average of 6,276.86 ± 2,810.66 Congolese francs to daily consumption in their households.

The rehabilitation of agricultural feeder roads for the sustainable development of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the case of Tshela Territory, is the overall objective pursued in this study. The agricultural service roads to be rehabilitated were estimated at 635 km, divided into sections (axis) in the 8 sectors of Tshela Territory. In 2008 out of 100.857 km rehabilitated, the Kimbenza – Seke Banza section covered a distance of 45 km or 44.6%. On the other hand, the least rehabilitated is that of Tshela in Maduda with 25.857 km or 25.6%. In 2017, the Tsanga North to Ndalu axis With 39.358 km or 27.6% out of a total of 142.115 km, was the longest distance. While, that of Loango in Dizi North with 20.21 km or 14.2% of a total rehabilitated distance. The problem of rehabilitating agricultural feeder roads still persists due to poor road maintenance, which negatively impacts the economy of Tshela Territory.

Fresh meat and fresh fish badly affected, constitute an excellent medium of culture, a ground favorable to the propagation and the multiplication of a multitude of microbial contaminations. They are considered as vehicles of many diseases in humans. Our study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of fresh meat and fresh fish placed on the KINSHASA markets, during the period from July 9, 2019 to December 2020, i.e. eighteen months. After prospective investigation and bacteriological analysis, the results showed that the fresh meat and fresh fish sold in our markets were really contaminated. The presumptive test revealed 56.6% positive samples out of the hundred percent of samples, including 43.3% total coliforms and 13.3% faecal coliforms. After culture, the results obtained indicate the presence of germs indicating hygienic quality, Pseudomonas (9.80%), Proteus vulgaris (13.7%), Streptococci (15.7%), and toxigenic germs (33, 3%). Which, Staphylococcus aureus (7.8%), salmonella (11.8%) and Escherichia coli (13.7%). Among the microbial germs found in fresh meat and fresh fish,. the most soiled in microorganisms is fresh fish (21.1%), followed by pork (20%), and the least contaminated, beef (15.5%). The NGABA roundabout market awoke more contaminated products (32.2%), compared to the freedom market 24.4%. In terms of the relationship between microbial germs and sales environments, we found a statistically significant relationship of coliforms (p=0.007) and sales next to garbage (waste), wooden tables (p=0.042), for however, no statistically significant relationship was found between germs and exposure of meat and fish to unwashed knives (p=0.313), sellers' clothes (p=0.884), dust and flies (p=0.097) at the same market. On the other hand, a statistically significant relationship was observed between microbial germs (coliforms) (p=0.003) and sale in the presence of flies (p=0.044), but no statistically significant relationship was found between germs and sale alongside garbage (p=0.683), unwashed knives (p=1.000), wooden tables (p=0.695), clothes sold (p=1.000) and dust (p=0.945).

Objectives: It consisted in evaluating psychosocial risk factors among midwives/ maieuticians of Yalgado Ouédrago University Hospital Center of Ouagadougou. Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical study, carried out using an anonymous self-questionnaire. The Karasek scale was used to identify risk situations. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi info version 7.0 software. The significance level chosen was p < 5% to assess the link between socio-professional variables and stress. Result: A total of 42 midwives/maieuticians were participated in the study. The average age was 38 years old. Women predominated (71.4%). The average weekly working hours was 45 hours. The average number of monthly guards was 6. The average seniority in the profession was 10.5 years. The prevalence of psychosocial risks was 88.1% for psychological demand, 57.1% for low decision latitude and 64.3% for low social support. Value conflicts (71.4%), job and work insecurity (52.4%) and emotional demands (21.4%) were collected. The prevalence of job train was 52.4% and that of isostrain was 26.2%. The correlation between socio-professional variables and stress was not statistically significant (p˃0.05). Conclusion: Psychosocial risks are omnipresent among midwives/maieuticians. It is urgent to promote the creation of occupational health services in care settings in order to improve the psychosocial environment and to detect the suffering of caregivers early.

Background: In order to know the level of malaria transmission in the city of Karimama in the north East of Benin, an entomological study was carried out in this city from January to December 2020. Method : Firstly, the study was based on sampling adults mosquitoes by Human Landing Catches (HLC) in two villages performed monthly over two consecutive nights (8:00 PM to 6:00 AM) in 4 randomly selected compounds. These populations of mosquitoes were completed by Indoor Pyrethrum Spray Catches (PSC) in 10 other selected compounds; the same compounds in each sampling method being consistently used throughout the study. The head-thoraces of these females from the human landing catches were tested for the presence of CircumSporozoite Protein (CSP). Finally, Knocked down mosquitoes falling on white bed sheets were preserved for identification of species and characterization of molecular forms within the An. gambiae complex were performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: i)-During the year of study, 9.019 female mosquitoes were caught by PSC against 21.474 by HLC among which, 26% were Anopheles species from HLC; ii)- In this city surveyed, the main malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.s where transmission was high from June to October during the rainy season and declined during the dry season (December-May); iii) - The Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIRs) were significantly higher (138 infection bites/person/night) during the rainy season than those obtained during the dry season (138 infection bites/person/night) (P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that malaria transmission is unimodal in the city of Karimama and the main malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum was transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.s. These findings will be very useful for National Malaria Control Program authorities in the choice of the method to fight against malaria in this city.

The knowledge of the functioning of our forest ecosystems protected is an issue of the maintenance of the planetary balance as regards its biodiversity and its climate. Its floristic dynamic apprehended by the mortality of trees, has formed the base of this study in the site of Isekelende at the biosphere reserve of Yangambi (Tshopo, D.R. Congo). Collected in a device of 6 ha, the results arising from this study have shown that the rate of tree mortality is more than 4 times higher than the tropical average. The causes differ according to the type of mortality. For the mortality on foot, the aging and the Fungal pathologies are the causes mainly observed while for the Chablis, we cannot say with statistical certainty that the frequencies and the wind speeds which are the main causes. A spatial distribution of dead trees identified highlights a relief of specific gaps. This mosaic is positively correlated to the direction of the prevailing wind of Yangambi.

The objective of this work was to contribute to the study of the factors associated to the practice of caesarean at the Centre Hospital of Kavumu, health zone of Miti-Murhesa, during the period of 2016 to 2020 either five years. Monthly reports of activities and registers of maternity service produced during the period of 2016 to 2020 had been denuded based on the type of childbearing, age, parity and for caesarean cases, the causes of this type of childbearing. The rate of childbearing (by parturition or ceasarean) had been calculated and statistical analysis had been done by comparison of means using the Student t test, the ANOVA 1 F test and the Chi-square test. After data analysis, the following results had been obtained: the mean rates of parturition and caesarean childbearing were respectively of 89,7 % et 10,3 %; the furthering causes of high rate of caesareans at the CH Kavumu during the period of 2016 to 2020, in all ages slices confused were FSA, macrosomy, bad position, FDP, bursting and before bursting, maternal depletion and stationary work and the others causes interfere with a less incidence. Fanally, the associated factors to the practice of caesarean at the CH Kavumu are age, parity and caesarean cases. Studies carrying about analysis of size and weight of bearer women as associated factors to the practice of caesarean are indispensable.

Since long; there have been several community health projects that are attempting to solve problems linked to maternal and infantile morbi­mortalities. These kinds of projects remain unfulfilled to pygmies and other people from black Africa. This descriptive transversal study about the techniques of traditional birth, as factors which promote the motherly and infantile mortality was carried out in Miti­Murhesa health zone during a period from September 2018 to October 2019 in 4 sites (Buyungule, Cibuga, Cirharhangwa and Muyange) where Pygmies live. Traditional childbearing techniques which are applied by midwives pygmies would expose pygmies women giving birth and the new born to factors which can bring them to the death. The principal objective of this study is to contribute to the reduction of maternal and infantile mortality and morbidity of native people in Miti­Murhesa health zone. An inquiry questionnaire and focus groups were used to collect data during our field descent. We recorded several techniques and inhuman practices that are applied to pygmies’ women giving birth because they have no means to access to health services and yet these pygmies’ women rarely access to prenatal consultation because they are negligent and loafers.

The availability of quality health care facilities is essential to care for disabled populations such as Deaf people. Indeed, these populations are much more vulnerable to chronic diseases. The city of Abidjan abounds in dense and diverse health care offers but is unevenly distributed in the city. The goal of this paper is to make an exploratory study on the adequacy between the health care offer and the healthcare needs of deaf people. In other words, it will be a question of analyzing the aptitude of the care structures to take care of the deaf people concerning their needs in health care. From socio-demographic and sanitary data coming from the general census of the population and the habitat of the National Institute of Statistics and the database of the direction in charge of the Deaf people; a descriptive and cartographic statistical analysis was realized. Our results show that in the care structures, there is no health policy for medical care for deaf people. The staff is not trained in sign language. Only 1% of the staff can communicate with deaf patients. However, their need for care is effective with, for example, more than 62.2% of the deaf people surveyed having requests for care in general medicine. We, therefore, deduce a mismatch between the supply of care and the health care needs of deaf people.

The sedimentary dynamics of the littorals studied is governed by the northern swell which induces a north-south littoral drift and the continental sedimentary contributions transported essentially by the rivers. The aim of this study is to analyse the evolution of sandy spits in the northern part of the Rivières du Sud. The methodology adopted is based on diachronic mapping using Landsat satellite images acquired in 1973, 1986, 2003 and 2018. The results show that the morphological evolution of the Sankoye Spit and the Bird Peninsula is marked by the extension of their spatial coverage. The statistics for the Bird Peninsula show an extension of 116.89 ha between 1973 and 1986, a gain of 220 ha between 1986 and 2003 and a regression of 70.53 ha between 2003 and 2018. The Sankoye spit shows an elongation of its distal end in the direction of the dominant longshore sediment transport, thus dragging the mouth of Kalissaye progressively southwards. Its spatial and temporal evolution is marked by a spatial extension which goes from 603.32 ha in 1973 to 716.25 ha in 2018. For the tip of Cap Roxo, the statistics indicate an extension of 38.19 ha between 1973 and 1986, a regression of 7.75 ha between 1986 and 2003 and 2.02 ha between 2003 and 2018.

This publication is a brief abstract of an engineering work that addresses the problem of locating oil leaks in the lubrication circuit of a semi-autogenic mill called CASCAD MILL CINQ (CM5). A solution is proposed using a fundamental law of fluid mechanics that is «the law of flow conservation». Thanks to the latter, the model of an automatic and computer system was designed, also taking into account the instrumentation and other aspects of the solution related to the problem.

Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) is a multipurpose species in Africa, found in several phytogeographic zones in Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of this study is to contribute to a better knowledge of the morphological and biochemical diversity of the species, according to its distribution area. The study focused on the characterization of morphological descriptors of the fruit and biochemical parameters of 100 baobab fruits from four agroclimatic zones distributed throughout its range. The results obtained revealed a significant difference between the agroclimatic zones for the majority of morphological and biochemical descriptors. At the morphological level, the Niakara zone recorded, in general, the highest average values for the following descriptors: volume (4675.98 ± 2160.51 cm3); whole fruit mass (776.80 ± 286.25 g); pulp mass (222.28 ± 88.62 g) and seed mass (185.00 ± 80.12 g). The biochemical data indicated good overall levels for the parameters studied. The Niakara zone recorded high values for dry matter (88.89 ± 0.13%) and fiber (9.98 ± 0.06%). For total polyphenols, vitamin C and magnesium, the Tiébissou area recorded the highest average values. The high calcium content of the fruits (454.80 ± 3.42 mg/100g) is observed in Kouto. In the whole of the results obtained for the study, it is noted a true morphological and biochemical diversity which could be profitable for the consumers and the breeders.

In this work, it is a question of the cutting tool wear monitoring in mechanical turning. We did this monitoring in three phases which correspond to the life of our tool. To achieve this objective of improving monitoring, we have used a processing method (EMD) that breaks down a large signal into small signals (IMFs). The cut up or processed signals are yet applied in the temporal (RMS) and frequency (Spectrum) indicators in order to monitor the evolution of the tool in relation to its degradation and to check the reliability of the indicators. The obtained results will be optimized in an on-line monitoring system and incorporated into a microcontroller dealing with its three phases, in order to make the comparison of informations each time they are generated by the machine.

Eggplant is a vegetable fruit plant mostly consumed in Congolese daily menus. The low yield observed is due to the low content in mineral element in the soil. The chemical fertilizers used by producers are expensive and harmful to the environment. This study aims to improve the productivity of local eggplant cultivars by supplying chicken manure. Plantlet from Solanum eathiopicum, Solanum eathiopicum gilo, Solanum eathiopicum gilo-anguivi and Solanum macrocarpon are fertilized with 100, 200 and 300g of chicken manure, thus constituting the doses D1, D2 and D3. These treatments are compared to unfertilized one (D0). The experimental design was randomized complete block in three replicates. A block has 45 subplots and 4 plants per subplots were observed in relation to the plant height, neck diameter, the number of leaves per plant and the number of branches. They also relate to the number of fruits per plant, the fruit length and diameter, the average fruit weight. The addition of 200g of chicken manure per pocket significantly improves the vegetative growth of 4 local eggplant cultivars. At this dose, it is noted an early emission of flowers and buds, a high number of blooming flowers and 1176 fruits/plants. The C3 cultivar, S. eathiopicum gilo-anguivi, is more productive than three others. The dose of 300g per pocket was harmful to vegetative growth, it causes flower drop and reduced yield. Chicken manures are an asset to increase eggplant productivity in the tertiary sand of Brazzaville.

Rice husking residues constitute real bioresources which the development could contribute to improving the living conditions of populations and reducing pressure on forest resources. This study examined the management of rice husking residues in the Lôh-Djiboua region. The survey and field observation carried out showed that the Lôh Djiboua region produces an average of 21,262.4 tonnes of rice per year, including 8,711.9 tonnes in Divo, 9,625.5 tonnes in Lakota and 2,925 tonnes in Guitry. The main residues from husking rice are husks and bran. The average annual bale quantities recorded are 2744.3 ± 446.2 tonnes at Divo, 3032.1 ± 1550.7 tonnes at Lakota and 921.4 ± 249.6 tonnes at Guitry. The average annual bran masses are 304.9 ± 49.6 tonnes, 336.89 ± 172.3 tonnes and between 102.4 ± 27.7 tonnes respectively at Divo, Lakota and Guitry. Rice husking residues produced in the mills are collected by households (0 to 18.9%), pig farmers (8.1 to 27.8%), poultry farmers (45.9 to 55.5%), farmers (16.7 to 28.1%) and fish farmers (2.7 to 3.1%). These use them as fuel in households, as feed and bedding in poultry and pig farming, as feed in fish farming and as fertilizer after calcination in agriculture. There is a low rate of use of rice husking residues as fuel in households in the studied areas (1 to 4%).

The present study concerns the south-centre of the Nigerien part of the Iullemmeden intracratonic Basin. A multidisciplinary approach involving sedimentological analysis of facies and determination of fossils has been implemented for the characterization and determination of the Maastrichtian to Paleogene paleoenvironments in the Garadaoua and Garadoumé areas. The stratigraphic series of the study area includes, from the bottom to top, the Formations of: Farin Doutchi, In Wagar, Garadaoua and Ader Doutchi (Ct1 or Ar). The Maastrichtian Formations of Farin Doutchi and In Wagar, as well as the Paleocene Formation of Garadaoua are fossiliferous. Indeed, the base of the Farin Doutchi Formation contains bivalves, foraminifera and sea urchins, while, In Wagar contains remains of vertebrates and casts of gastropods. In the Garadaoua Formation, presence of the benthic foraminifer Ranikothalia bermudezi species made it possible to assign to it an Upper Paleocene age. Moreover, the presence in the Garadaoua Formation of the sea urchin Linthia sudanensis species implies, during this periode, the pre-existence of an epicontinental sea in the Iullemmeden basin. Besides, in the Ader Doutchi Formation, the demonstration of α and γ oolites, as well as proto-oolites, testifies an agitated environment with at least two oolithization phases.

This article focuses on the systemic logics underlying the resurgence of the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy in urban areas despite the approaches deployed so far. The aim is to identify the structural causes of teenage pregnancies through an in-depth analysis of the socio-cultural system. More specifically, the socialization system of girls and boys is questioned to highlight the influence on the persistence of unplanned pregnancies in adolescence. The qualitative survey conducted in the cities of Sokodé, Kara and Dapaong, together with individual interviews and group discussions, confirms the hypothesis that the persistence of teenage pregnancies in schools is partly linked to the gendered education of girls and boys within the families of the communities studied. The results highlight that by enrolling the girl early in her role as a future mother and the boy in that of future father, the socio-educational system predisposes her to accept her destiny. As such, pregnancy is a preferred route, which is not always involuntary. Therefore, the fight against the resurgence of early pregnancies must take into account the reform of basic education as a whole to hope to significantly reduce the phenomenon.