The development of oil and gas activities represents a real threat to the marine and coastal environment, which has already been facing significant attacks for several decades, such as coastal erosion and the opening of the breach at the Langue de Barbarie. This research aims to study the environmental and socio-economic challenges linked to the exploitation of hydrocarbons (mainly gas) of the GTA project between Senegal and Mauritania. Thanks to the analysis of documentary reviews and field surveys, it was possible to synthesize knowledge on the resilience of fishing communities in the context of gas exploitation. The study involved a survey of 100 fishing stakeholders in the Saint-Louis region. The selection was carried out using quota sampling. The results indicate that fishermen are seeing disruptions to their activities and the environment. After the installation of the platform in the Jaatara area, access is prohibited to fishermen for a radius of 500m from the site. This directly impacts fishermen who practice angling. Consequently, the socio-economic repercussions are perceptible by the population in terms of economic losses (reduction in income) and change in living conditions. It is crucial to take into consideration the risks linked to the exploitation of hydrocarbons on the northern Senegalese coast in order to be able to manage them adequately.