The drag reduction method by polymer additives is generally used to reduce friction losses in pipes over long-distances. The interactions between the polymer and the turbulent flow structures tend to change the velocity profile close to the walls by adding an elastic sub-layer between the viscous layer and the logarithmic zone of the boundary layer. This new sub-layer prevents the destabilization of the boundary layer. The gain in linear head losses can reach up to 80%, depending on the roughness of the walls and the concentration of the polymers. The application of this technique to sewer networks and the considerable effect on the reduction of water depth led us to study experimentally the drag reduction in an open- channel flows. Two measurement campaigns are performed on a laboratory flume for different discharges and several polymer concentrations. The surface flow velocities are measured by the LSPIV (Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry) technique before and after the polymer injection. Backwater curves will be represented for smooth and rough flume walls. The addition of polymers even at low concentrations causes a sharp reduction in friction with a Strickler coefficient increased to 45% and 37% respectively for smooth and rough wall configurations and a decrease in water depth up to 17%. The drag reduction method by adding polymers seems to be a promising technique for limiting freshet levels and controlling river floods.

A natural and instantaneous geophysical method for groundwater investigation in volcanic formations of Kibumba area has been developed. A geophysical evaluation using Electrical Resistivity method for groundwater investigation was carried out which involved the utilization of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique with Schlumberger array system. The study area is located within the igneous rocks, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The data acquired from twelve (12) VES stations using ABEM terrameter (SAS 1000) was tabulated in a table which shows the resistivity, the thicknesses and the number of layers for each VES station. The data was analysed using computer inversion software called INTERPEX1D, which yield an automatic interpretation of the apparent resistivity. The VES results revealed heterogeneous nature of the subsurface geological sequence. The geological profile sequence in the study area includes the topsoil (clay and fragments rocks and/or boulders formations of basalt), weathered layer (and/or fractured basalt) and fresh basement. The value for topsoil ranges from 10 Ωm to 1500 Ωm with thickness varies from 0.3 m to 10 m. The weathered layer (and/or fractured basalt) resistivity ranges from 100 Ωm to 2000 Ωm and thickness of 3 m to 20 m. The fresh basalt or bedrock basement ranges in value from 30 Ωm to 3000 Ωm with an unknown thickness due to the volcanic formation in the study area. However, the bedrock depth of all the VES stations from the earth’s surface could range from 1 m to 34 m. Based on the result of VES data, the proper area for making boreholes would be VES Kibumba 2, VES Kibumba 5 and VES Kibumba 9.

In recent years advances in technology have led to the generation of large volumes of data, mainly numerical data, highlighting the interest in processing them to extract knowledge and information from them. The main objective is to make more efficient the systems from which these data have been obtained and help in decision making. The information in a database is implicit in the values that represent the different states of the systems, whereas the knowledge is implicit in the relations between the values of the different attributes or present characteristics. These relationships are identified by groups to be discovered and describe the relationships between the input and output states. One of the main human functions is to classify, differentiate and group different objects according to their attributes. The article investigates how to apply fuzzy grouping algorithms, which allow an element to belong to more than one group by a degree of membership, in order to obtain relevant characteristics or recognize patterns of a set of data. We discuss a study that involved 4 main fuzzy algorithms where each algorithm is explained and how they are related, as well as with each new algorithm solves problems that the previous one did not solve efficiently.

L’étude sédimentologique du Jurassique dans la région d’Ait Ourir (cuvette d’Ouanina) a permis d’individualiser deux ensembles : un ensemble silto–carbonato–évaporitique caractérisant le Lias et un ensemble gréso–silteux et microconglomératique caractérisant le Dogger. Les deux ensembles sont organisés en deux mégaséquences successives régressives et margino-littoral. Le premier ensemble est constitué de deux unités : silto–argileuse à évaporitique (U1) et carbonato–évaporitique (U2), il est formé dans un milieu peu profond, intertidal supérieur à supratidal lagunaire avec des phases de forte énergie et sous un climat chaud et aride. Le deuxième ensemble est constitué aussi de deux unités : argilo–silto– gréseuse (U3) et gréso–microconglomératique et silteuse (U4), il est formé dans une plaine d’inondation avec des chenaux gréseux qui évolue vers un milieu margino–littoral.

Lithostratigraphy and tectonics are the major metallogenic parameters in the development of mineralization within the Katangan Basin formations. The structural and lithostratigraphic concept of the Neoproterozoic formations of the Dipeta group can be explained by applying a qualitative method, unfortunately very laborious, to explain this sequentiality of mineralization in the bearing rocks. The Kabulungu deposit is located more or less 25 km south-west of the town of Kolwezi. This litostragraphic and petrographic study shows a special horizontal zonation: shales silicified dolomitic rocks, breaching shales, dolomitic rocks and conglomerate shales. This spatial zonation is in symbiosis with a structure that seems to be monoclinal, locally, notwithstanding the gap in R.4.2. Kabulungu is a brecciated formation with only one major preferential direction of N36 ° E break, this direction being from East to West on the anticline of the same name. The southern flank of the anticline was pushed over the northern flank along the east-west fault affecting the core of the anticline. The tectonic style for the Kabulungu region differs from other sectors only in the extent of the extrusiveness within the Kansuki fault bounded by the north and south lip. The advance of the said fault would have been put in place by an extravase mechanism of subsurface. Finally, the variation of direction following each break zone proves that the terrain of Kabulungu is unstable. The mineralization was deposited in the highly altered zones and in the referential lithological formations.

Le présent travail a pour objectif de faire une étude structurale du sous-bassin de Busira en se basant sur l’interprétation des cartes d’anomalies gravimétriques. Ce sous-bassin qui est une zone d’intérêt pétrolier majeur, est situé dans la Cuvette Centrale de la R.D. Congo. Les valeurs d’anomalies de Bouguer nous ont permis de localiser des zones de hautes et basses intensités qui correspondraient respectivement à des horsts et des fossés. Notons aussi que les changements abrupts d’intensités et les resserrements des courbes d’iso-anomalies constituent les signatures gravimétriques classiques des failles. Pour mieux étudier notre bassin sédimentaire, nous avons recouru à la méthode de séparation régionale-résiduelle. C’est l’interprétation des cartes d’anomalies régionales qui nous a permis de mieux connaitre la structure du socle de notre bassin sédimentaire. Ces cartes 2D et 3D d’anomalies régionales ont été élaborées en soustrayant les bruits aux anomalies de Bouguer. L’analyse des valeurs d’intensités d’anomalies régionales, de la forme des courbes d’iso-anomalies et des profils tracés sur ces cartes a abouti à la mise en évidence des zones affaissées (fossés ou grabens) et des zones surélevées (horsts) qui sont séparées par des failles. Nous avons aussi recouru, au traçage des profils sur la carte d’anomalies résiduelles et à des corrélations avec les profils sismiques effectués dans ce secteur permettant de déceler plusieurs structures géologiques d’un très grand intérêt pétrolier. L’application des filtres directionnels nous a permis de localiser avec précision plusieurs failles probables ou autres contacts géologiques et d’établir leurs directions préférentielles.

With a view to developing a strategy for the integrated management of pests associated with cereals in stock in Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the insecticidal activity of the six plants (M. Lanceolata, S. Syzymbrifolium, A. Squamosa, C. citratus O. Basilicum and O. Gratissimum) on the survival of sitophilus weevils infesting maize and rice was studied under controlled conditions. The extracts mainly the phenol-tannin mixture for the following plants: C. Citratus, O. Basilicum and O. Gratissimum and the flavonoid-terpene mixture for the following plants: M. Lanceolata, S. Syzymbrifolium, A. Squamosa dissolved in 1% ethanol was applied at 0.2; 0.02 and 0.002 g.mL-1. Compared to controls, our extracts significantly affect the survival of weevils, depending on the concentration and duration of exposure. Corrected mortality ranged from 67% to 90% for extracts of C. Citratus, O. Basilicum and O. Gratissimum; 69% to 100% for extracts of M. Lanceolata, S. Syzymbrifolium, A. Squamosa. Weevils respond to the toxic effects of the tested compounds, with the LD50 ranging from 0.10 to 0.44 and the LD90 from 0.22 to 0.95 gmL-1. It is the extracts of M. Lanceolata, S. Syzymbrifolium, A. Squamosa which proved to be the most toxic compared to the other extracts.

Today, going green is an expression we see more and more in every business environment. Green marketing is practiced by companies to show their ecological efforts related to their products or services and their effects on the environment. Whenever this demonstration is misleading, it may be subtle in form but highly detrimental in its consequences. This is called "Greenwashing", meaning companies try to paint their image in green. Our article explores the impact of the Greenwashing concept on green customer satisfaction, perceived green product quality and green word of mouth. It is a quantitative and exploratory-descriptive study that deals with a recent and little exploited subject. The purpose of this article is to examine the effect of greenwashing on the perceived green quality of products, green customer satisfaction and green word of mouth, more precisely to see what is there. negative or positive impact between these four variables. The focus of this article is on Moroccan consumers - students - who have the experience of buying a Moroccan product that claims to be 100% organic. We will therefore try to verify the application of the model of YS Chen, CL Lin and CH Chang in a Moroccan context and to see the link between greenwashing and the perceived green quality of the products, the green satisfaction of customers and word of mouth green.

Here we propose a modified module of gnuplot for simulation based on the global network named webgnuplot, which provides an interface with an independent operating environment, thereby performing gunplot simulation from any connected network computer via a web-based application that can be used remotely throughout the network connection. We describe the module architecture of the web gnuplot and show that this module has been successfully used to perform simulation from any computer with intranet access, without having to install any software or plug-in.

The Middle Atlas, like all the structural domains of Morocco, is full of geosites of varying size and nature ranging from the microscopic scale to the scale of the outcrop. These rich geologic heritage offer high potential for scientific, pedagogical, and recreational, scenic, cultural, economic and geotouristic uses within the framework of sustainable development. This work has for objective to identify the conceptions of Moroccan students in the second year of secondary college and of futures teachers of Life and Earth Sciences (SVT) at the regional center for the trades of education and training (CRMEF - Meknes) about the presence of volcanoes in Morocco, Especially the volcanoes of the Middle Atlas which are articulated in the turns of the concept "geosite". The used methodology is based on a questionnaire addressed to the target population earth in Meknes and sale cities. The results of our study show that this heritage are not known to the interviewees. This article aims to : Highlight the volcanic chain of the Middle Atlas, Present the results of this study, and try to identify recommendations on the way forward as well as by education and sensibilization and other important means.

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the landfilling of solid waste in uncontrolled landfills has become indispensable as these generate serious environmental problems; such as groundwater, surface water contamination and air pollution. Even in the case of controlled landfills, EIA can limit and control health and environmental risks. The impacts identified for the uncontrolled dump in the city of Taza, north-eastern Morocco, were identified and evaluated using Leopold's matrix (ML), completed and expressed based on the expression of the descriptors of SMI integrated management system to create the Integrated Leopold Matrix ML-I, it applies to a consistent and recordable evaluation of the importance of the different components. The framework elements included in the ML-I are: physical / chemical, biological and ecological, social, cultural and economic and operational. Analysis of ML-I results showed that minimum negative impacts will be achieved after closure and rehabilitation of the landfill. For the most serious negative impacts: the contamination of groundwater and surface water and air pollution, which represent a direct threat to public health, they can be mitigated through the application of SMI-QSE in the overall management of the site studied.

Interior design has an important role in handling house spaces, not only by meeting physical needs and indoors activities but also achieving the psychological needs and positive emotions for house occupants. Enhancing positive emotions indoor house is one of the most priorities in contemporary life. Because of nowadays life stresses that around man, it makes him seeks to create quiet and safe environment in his house as a refuge. The problem of research is there are many life stresses that man adapting difficulty, and he needs to take rest and feel happy inside his house. So, how can interior design enhance positive emotions for decreasing stresses and increasing human -house attachment? How sensory stimuli affect creating positive emotions inside house? Do house occupants emotional case change when interior design elements characteristics -that are considered environmental sensory stimuli - change? Are there special considerations for house design affect individuals’ emotions? While designing residential spaces, there are different emotion are created, it may help its’ occupants attach with space or repugnance it. Hence, this research aims to determine the methods which can be used to enhancing individuals’ positive emotions by using interior design and Stimulating Senses to configure emotional human -house attachment, through analytical studies.

This article deals with the concept of linguistic justice in relation to the theoretical references framed by it and its relation to linguistic policy and the issues of multilingualism, the article is part of the sociology of linguistics which draws on the linguistic , political, economic and legal sciences and aims to crystallize the concept of linguistic justice and its applications in policies language. The idea of linguistic justice is new to Arab culture to a large extent; including Morocco in particular. This article attempts to crystallize this concept and incorporate it into the context of sociology and to show the application of justice to linguistic issues, which will necessarily address concepts such as language policy and multilingualism the main purpose of this article is to present the linguistic situation in order to approach linguistic justice in its roots, problems and virtual solutions.

This paper assesses the shock impact of commodity prices on the macroeconomic framework in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Using a Vector autoregressive (VAR) model, we determine the impulses of each macroeconomic sector to lower prices. The results indicate that this shock leads to complex effects that can lead to systemic risks and crises. We suggest that it would be important for governments, given such shocks, to learn from and take immediate action to strengthen the resilience of the economy and the financial system to future shocks in based.

Population growth is now causing increasing pressure on the environment. In view of the consequences that flow from it, the safeguarding and protection of ecosystems is a fundamental necessity for the biodiversity of fish species. At the scale of the Sô watershed and its tributary stream, anthropogenic actions have considerably influenced the quality of the available water resources. The purpose of this study is to assess the state of vulnerability of the water resource. From the physicochemical and bacteriological data of the water taken from three points of the outlet of the basin, various forms of water pollution have been proved. The results showed a strong variation of physicochemical parameters, a seasonal dynamics of pollution and differentiated mineralization processes. With high photosynthetic activity in the river, a high concentration of dissolved oxygen, COD, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium and other ions is observed in the dry season. The observed presence of coliforms and streptococci confirmed the state of organic pollution and bacteriological and toxicological risks at the basin scale. This situation now calls on the authorities at various levels and managers of the basins to take the necessary measures to avoid public health problems to the neighboring populations, this situation has an impact on the current development of the locality.

This research, carried out in Anikro sector, located in north-west of Toumodi, in central Côte d’Ivoire, proposes to bring geology clarifications of this part of Ivorian territory from geophysics survey. The results reveal two lithological sets, one magnetic, poor in radionuclides, especially Potassium (K) and the other weakly magnetic, with high content certain radionuclides such as Potassium. Magnetic unit consists basic volcanic and plutonic rocks (basalts, pyroclastits, gabbros, volcano-sediments, green rocks) and weakly magnetic set consists volcanic and plutonic acid formations (granits, granodiorites, metarhyolites) probably in intrusion into volcano-sediments. Structurally, a thrust fault system with N-S, NNE-SSW, NE-SW, ENE-WSW and E-W preferential directions that could correspond to narrow shear zones has been identified. This fault system could be metalliferous mineralization site associated with Birimian formations.

We consider a micro-grid with renewable energy sources. The intermittency of productions and the desynchronization between production and consumption are solved by a hydrogen storage unit. The system consists of a photovoltaic generator, a wind turbine, an electrolyser, a fuel cell, a storage tank in the form of hydrogen (MgH2). DC-DC (Boost) and DC-DC bidirectional converters (Buck-Boost) as well as DC-AC and AC-DC (wind turbine) converters provide connection to the DC bus and the network. Hydrogen storage ensures continuity of supplies for demand. The study is positioned within the framework of the territorial energy transition program set up by in Comoros.

Objective : This study is conducted on the Goulbi N'Kaba Valley in Niger. The objective of this study is to determine the pastoral value and productivity of this area. Methodology : The methodological approach is focused on the sites of pastoral discharge sites and on two (2) transects (GB-GT and KH-DK), approximately 6.5 km long, running through the adjacent terraces (fields), the corridors of passage and the sylvo-pastoral zone (ZSP) of the valley. Phytosociological surveys based on abundance (number) and dominance (recovery) of species, and the harvest of phytomass were regularly made in plots of 2500 m². The quadratic points aligned method and the integral biomass harvest method were applied. Forage and pastoral values, productivities and load capacities were appreciated. Results : Forage values (legumes, graminoids, phorbes) of pastoral discharge sites in 2004 (16 ; 22 ; 51) are higher than those in 2014 (8 ; 10 ; 29). This trend is maintained at the level of adjacent terraces (with 24, 22, 63 in 2004 against 17 ; 12 ; 40 in 2014) and corridors of passage (with 22 ; 21 ; 60 in 2004 against 15 ; 15 ; 11 in 2014). Pastoral values (2004 and 2014) move in the same direction as forage values (2004 and 2014). The productivity of species under crown is greater than that of species outside crowns. The productivities of 2004 are higher than those of 2014 on pastoral discharge sites and corridors of passage. Nevertheless those of 2014 (1398.6 ± 444.5 kg MS / ha) are higher than those of 2004 (1127.8 ± 608.4 kg MS / ha) on the adjacent terraces of the Goulbi N’Kaba valley. The carrying capacity follows the same trend as productivity in the Goulbi N'Kaba valley, but with much smaller values. Conclusion : Pasture and pastoral values and productivities revealed the deterioration of rangelands of pastoral discharge sites, adjacent terraces and passage corridors in the Goulbi N'Kaba valley from 2004 to 2014.

Everyone in the era of globalization knows that international relations are influenced by the oil economy. That said, the oil trade has become a main activity of the world's peasants. From where countries this resource is sought became a threat. It should be noted that the problem of oil continues to be on the agenda in international society and is not limited to technological or economic developments but also to political dimensions. Which is to say that oil helps to determine the hierarchy of state power. That is why, it serves to make war in other words a source of some conflicts of the world. This present work illustrates the case of the war in Libya where NATO intervention was behind oil and gas. Libya is a coveted country, its oil and gas, a great wealth with reserves estimated at 44 and 46.4 million barrels, the largest in Africa. This country occupies an ultra-sensitive position on the hydrocarbon market, without forgetting its crude which is of excellent quality or its activities are close to the most important European refining centers of the world. Force is a revision that this war, that the UN under the resolution to overthrow the regime of Gaddafi, because it had become a threat to the interests Western. Which brings to understand that, this war had nothing with the protection of civilians advocated by the West, but it was directed against the Libyan guide in the person of Gaddafi and also against China for the oil and gas.

Ocular coloboma is a congenital malformation occurring around the sixth week of embryonic life. It is due to an abnormality of development of the lens, iris, choroid or retina due to lack of closure of the embryonic cleft. The involvement is variable ranging from a simple irian notch to the absence of retinal tissue on much of the lower retina. It can also include the disc. It is often bilateral and associated with microphthalmia. We report the case of unilateral chorioretinal coloboma associated with microphthalmia diagnosed early with imaging.

Gestational massive vulvar edema is a formidable complication of pre- eclampsia, its clinical diagnosis is very evident in the more severe forms with a good evolution after symptomatic treatment, bringing us two observations collected in the maternity el HARROUCHI of CHU Casablanca MOROCCO during the period 2017-2018. Thus this phenomenon is explained by a review of the literature and the principal therapeutic behaviors carried out will be ascertained.

With the aim of finding biodegradable organic substances that are not harmful to humans and that do not pollute the environment, that are effective against the fly and alternatives to synthetic pesticides polluting the environment, a test of the insecticidal activity of Tephrosia vogelii, Tetradenia ruparia and Tithonia diversifolia was carried out in the presence of the synthetic pesticides (Thiodan) and the control. Indeed, the results obtained are as follows: During the two cropping seasons, at stages V3-V4 and r6, the variety V2 / Rwr2254 is the most susceptible to attack by the common bean fly; When treated with insecticide plants and the synthetic insecticide, thiodan, we found that there were fewer pupae on common bean plants treated with the insecticide plant Tephrosia vogelii and thiodan, followed by the lethal dose (Dl 90) of each insecticide plant. For the 2 cropping seasons, the plot yield in gram shows that the variety V1 / HM 21-7 gave the high yield; the plant Tephrosia vogelii yielded a high yield and compared to treatments, thiodan provided high yield and The extrapolated yield in kilograms per hectare still shows that the variety V1 / HM21-7 is the one that gave a high yield, the insecticide plant Tephrosia vogelii is the one that gave a high yield and the thiodan is the treatment that gave high efficiency. Thus, the use of these insecticidal plants is an alternative for managing the bean fly for improving common bean productivity.

The valley of the Ouislane River (Meknes) undergoes anthropic pressure, which acts mainly on the river water quality. A study of the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the distribution and biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality of the Ouislane River was conducted. This study focused on five stations: from the source to the exit of the city of Meknes, with a monthly sampling frequency in 2010. We analyzed twelve physicochemical parameters and determined the diversity (Shannon-Wiener and Evenness Index) as well as the biological index through the benthic macroinvertebrates, based on the SEQ-V.2 scoring system. The relationships between the physicochemical and the macrobenthic data were investigated by biotypology analysis (PCA and FCA) and Pearson correlation analysis. According to the SEQ-Eau, The results obtained show that the water quality in station (O1) is of good quality, but the ecological functioning of the river is very disturbed ‘‘polluted’’ when it passes through the agglomeration of Meknes (O2). Downstream, the water quality is average in the O4-O5 section. Four variables are involved actively in the individualization of the physico-chemical environment: COD, dissolved oxygen, TSS and BOD5. The total number of macrobenthic taxa and their overall richness indices and diversity indices were significantly higher at the station (O1) than other stations. The analyses showed that the richness and diversity indices were generally influenced by the total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and biology oxygen demand of the river water. This study also highlighted the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the distribution and species diversity of macrobenthic invertebrate. Some sensitive (Trichoptera) and resistant species (Tubifex sp.) are identified as potential bioindicators of river ecosystems. The data obtained in this study supported the use of the bioindicator concept (Innovative Biotechniques for biomonitoring water quality) for North Africa Rivers because it is more efficient than conventional methods.

This paper examined the effect of audit committee characteristics on performance of selected non-financial firms quoted in Nigerian Stock Exchange. A sample of 50 listed firms was used for the period 2007 to 2016. The study was predicated on ex post facto and cross-sectional research design and used secondary data for the analysis. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and Ordinary Least Square regression. The result revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between audit committee independence, audit committee meeting and firm performance at 5% level of significant while a positive significant association was also recorded against audit committee size and return on assets but at 10% level of significant while an insignificant and positive relationship was observed between audit committee qualification and return on assets of non-financial firms in Nigeria. The findings showed that 76% of changes in the performance of non-financial firms can be attributed to the audit committee characteristics while 24% were unaccounted for hence captured by the stochastic error term. The study recommends among others, that non-financial firms’ directors should be constituted by independent persons with high level of integrity that can match words with action to improve performance of non-financial firms and also enable them perform their oversight functions effectively and ensure that audit committee members meet frequently in order to tackle important issues that might hinder organizational performance more especially in this era of economic recession.

The formations of western Lake Tanganyika are mainly metamorphic intruded by magmatic intrusions and covered by some recent alluvium. They are particularly Mesoproterozoic formations with characteristic lithologies: Gneiss, quartzite, amphibolites, diorites and pegmatites. Regional tectonic has affected this sector generating brittle and planar microstructures which attest the compressive and extensive phases that affected this terrain, and even confirmed in the study of constraints by WIN TENSOR. The preferential orientation of NNW-SSE cleavages and foliations would justify the existence of a large regional fold contemporaneous with the D2 deformations of kibaran, while the double orientation of the fractures reflects two phases of local deformations that have been affecting Kavimvira. The highlighting of the faults at the regional scale is related to East African rifting.

The role of fashion in history, is not just confined to the study of dress and costume, but encompasses design and innovation, taste and zeitgeist, treats as its subjects both people and objects, and crosses over into related disciplines such as the history of art, social and cultural conditions, political events and technology. Throughout the 20th century cross-cultural and historical influences exerted a profound impact upon fashion design. This study explores the decades of the 20th century- every decade had its own personality, which was formed by both the people and the events that dominated it-through explaining how fashion has reflected the social, political, economic, and technological changes, discussing major changes in the fashion industry, describing fashion trends, and naming the major designers and Illustrators of the past 100 years. This study aims to design a specialist website of 20th century fashion, which including as much relevant information about the century fashion as possible and is documented with scientific references. It could be a trusted source for fashion designers, and anyone interested in fashion history. In order to build a specialist website of 20th century fashion within the domain of usefulness and reliability, many aspects taking into account, such as: information quantity and quality, information sources, evidences, facts, explanation, variety in issues, ease in use the website and adding the author contact.

The Kinshasa region, drained by an important hydrographic network, contains streams beds made of sandpits for the supply of sand as building materials. This study has consisted of a granulometric characterization of these sandy materials. A single source of sediment is at the origin of these sandy deposits with medium sand as characteristic facies. With a moderately strong regular flow, a mesokurtic distribution of frequency curves, an asymmetry towards fine grains and a good to fairly good grading of grains, the sandy deposits of stream beds of Kinshasa have a fluviatile character. The positive correlation observed between medium grain and the grading index certifies the gradual refinement and good ranking of grains observed in these sandy deposits. The dominant pink color of the sandy deposits of Kinshasa rivers indicates that these deposits are devoid of organic matter.

This study aims at demonstrating how and why the Horn of Africa is at the heart of geostrategic and geopolitical stakes of the Middle Kingdom: China at this time of globalization. As it is a gate of entering and exiting towards marine and terrestrial spaces, the Horn of Africa has an access to the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Arabic Sea via Bab-el-Mandeb channel and the Aden Gulf Bay through the littoral of Djibouti which is a commercial crossing point between Asia, Europe and Africa, hence justifying its geopolitical importance. The geopolitical and geostrategic stakes of China in the Horn of Africa would be motivated by three reasons. First, it gives access to the Pacific Asia via the Red Sea, the Arabic Sea and the Indian Ocean; second, the Horn of Africa gives access to Europe through the Mediterranean Sea via the Red Sea by passing through the Suez Channel; and third, it allows the access to these two continents via these crossing points towards Africa and vice versa. It also represents an opportunity for the expansion of this kingdom in the world. The defense and security of its vital interests out of its borders through its military base in Djibouti shows how this chessboard would be at the heart of geostrategic stakes of China. This would help to understand the ambitions of Beijing to rival the USA, Japan for preventing them from taking over vital spaces and enlarging their dominion in the Afro-asiatic mass. The hypotheses which stipulates that the exit and entrance peripheries or ways are the dominion key at the global level for every State that masters them would give sense to this analysis.

We studied the cutaneous MISCA-MATES toxicity soap humans. The test of irritation at the man is indispensable to specify the potential irritating power of some better cosmetic preparations. Thirty soaps of MISCA-MATÈS experimentation were delayed on thirty voluntary people. Two methods have been used. The first consists in applying a quantity of soap foam on the hand of the volunteers during 24 hours. The test has been repeated at the same place during 7 days except if an erythema develops in which case the test is stopped. The treatment has not been interrupted after the 7 days of experimentation. The second method consists in distributing to each volunteer a soap for the bath during 7 days and we noted the effects which could produce the soap on their respective skins. The analysis shows that one person out of thirty (3.33 %) felt a slight burn when applying soap while twenty nine persons (96.67 %) felt no burn.

The eucalyptus plantations are experiencing considerable development in the world, but are also subject to controversy. The present study aimed to evaluate the floristic diversity and the allelopathic reflection of Eucalyptus saligna plantations in the Baleng forest reserve in Western Region of Cameroon. The experimental design consisted of five parcels, one control parcel and four parcels of Eucalyptus of different ages. In each of the five parcels, three plots of 9 m2 (3m x 3m) were randomly selected for the assessment of floristic diversity and soil sampling. In each plot, a circular section of 100 m deep hole was dug and soil samples were collected at three depths (20 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm). Soil analysis were made using the gravimetric method. It emerges from that study that the water content of soil decreases with the deep of soil and age of parcels. A total of 1593 individuals were recorded, grouped into 21 families and 55 species. The three most represented botanical families are Fabaceae (21%), Asteraceae (20%) and Poaceae (16%). But with regard to the number of individuals, the Poaceae family is the most represented with 36% of the individuals, followed by Asteraceae (21%) and Caryophyllaceae (11%). Herbaceous species are largely predominant (92% of individuals). There was no significant difference between the specific richness of the control plot and that of the eucalyptus plots at the 5% threshold (Turkey Test). Eucalyptus Saligna did not adversely affect the floristic composition of the understory vegetation.

This study aims to determine ecology and diversity of shrimps communities in the superior part of Cavally (Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa). Sampling was conducted monthly from september 2015 august 2016 using a handled net and lobster pots. Overall, five species were captured: Macrobrachium dux, M. felicinum, M. macrobrachion, M. vollenhovenii and M. Thysi (Palaemonidae). Macrobrachium vollenhovenii was largest distributed with 100 % of occurrence and 42, 37 % of abundance. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) performed showed that environmental variables such as dissolved oxygen, conductivity, water temperature, water velocity, pH, vegetal debris occurrence, canopy closure, phosphate and redox potential influence strongly diversity and abundance of shrimp fauna.This study determined the influence of environmental variables on the diversity and abundance of shrimp fauna in the superior part of Cavally and confirms the consequences of human activities of the quality of habitats.

In Côte d'Ivoire, the loss of cotton yield is mainly due to attacks caused by pest insects such as, the pink worm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders. For decades, the repeated use of chemical insecticides to control these pests has threatened the viability of the production system. Faced with the negative consequences linked to the use of synthetic chemicals, the search for alternative methods is essential. The objective of this study is therefore to evaluate the chemical properties and the insecticidal activity of essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus and Citrus sp on P. gossypiella. In the laboratory, nine concentrations (0.25; 0.50; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32 and 64 %) for each of the three essential oils, with three replications, were tested by topical application method on adults of the pest using a micro-applicator. Results showed that the pest developed variable levels of sensitivity to those plant oils. The one extracted from C. citratus was the most toxic to P. gossypiella. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) measured were 1.67 and 4.07 % respectively. Furthermore, the results of the gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GS/SM) analysis indicated that the essential oils of the three aromatic plants evaluated were strongly composed of monoterpenes (91.57-100 %). C. citratus extract was the richest in oxygenated monoterpenes (73.71 %) followed by C. nardus extract (46.59 %). The essential oil of C. citratus can be used rationally as an alternative option to chemical in the current cotton pest control program in Côte d’Ivoire.

The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of intra-industry trade between 14 Arab countries and China on economic growth, over the period from 2000-2012, using panel data and the method of generalized moments estimation developed by Blundell and Bond (1995). The econometric analysis reveals that intra-industry trade affect positively and significantly economic growth of the sampled countries; the results also indicate the positive and significant effect of trade openness between Arab countries and China on economic growth of sample 14 Arab countries.

The ecosystems of Kimpolo I village and its surroundings are located 23 km east of Kinshasa on the western edge of the Bateke Plateau. To better understand the contribution of its soils and its relief to the ecological planning of its natural ecosystems, a soil analysis and a geomorphological map of this area have been carried out. This study was conducted using soil samples from environmental ecosystems and satellite geographic data collected in the field. On 15 soil samples from different horizons of four profiles, the analysis indicates that the texture of these soils is more than 85% sandy, the pH-H2O and KCl vary from strongly to moderately acidic, the carbon contents Organic matter levels are low, organic matter levels correspond to very low productivity and the Carbon-Nitrogen ratios indicate that there is either a predominance or a balance between mineralization and nitrogen release in horizons and cation exchange capacities. Reveal that these soils are sandy. Geomorphologically, spatial data processing informs that contour lines are spaced in the middle of the site, attesting to the existence of the plain and narrowed after watercourses before re-spacing to mark the sinusoidal change in relief. In view of the human activities practiced in the site which have a negative impact on the soils and the relief, particular attention must be given to these degraded ecosystems, with a view to their ecological planning.

Iourirne gold deposit is located 260 km to the southeast of Agadir, in Tagragra of Akka inlier (Western Anti-Atlas). The gold mineralization occurs in quartz veins associated with shear zones occurring in E-W direction and cut across the Early Neoproterozoic formations, especially from the dykes of diorite to quartz diorite in the direction from Northeast-Southwest to East-West. Gold is relatively more concentrated in the microcrystalline quartz type (QII). The paragenesis linked to this stage is composed of arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. The likely fluid of the establishment of Iourirne gold mineralization is a type L aqueous fluid with a homogenization temperature of 180 – 260°C (mode of 217°C) with a low salinity. This gold mineralization has been placed in the quartz veins of shear zones as a result of the paleofluids interaction flowing under the effect of thermal gradients and tectonic motion operating on fault-valve with magmatic and metamorphic surrounding rocks.