This article presents a visual analysis and processing of a data set of vehicle GPS paths for the discovery of spatiotemporal patterns, which is developed in the Weka tool and QGis, the proposed analysis is based on the location of length and presents latitude of a set of vehicles which determines how close are the north pole and likewise verify that industry make more geographic coordinates. To perform this experiment was taken as the first step in selecting a software environment and appropriate hardware, enabling configuration and correct implementation of applications and thus able to perform better in the development of research, the following steps They are to create a base of spatial data, load the spatial data set using a procedure developed in Visual Studio, generation of geometric points, display of geometric points loaded from the database within a geographic information system QGis and finally analyze and process GPS vehicle trajectories using the technique of data mining, which it was found that there are a number of vehicles that make it coordinates near north pole.

This study is exploring impact of macroeconomics and bank specifics factor on nonperforming loans (NPLs) and banking sustainability performance (BSP) particularly in financial performance, with Indonesian commercial banking system back ground. The Study period is over the year 2004 to the year 2013. The objective is to perform statistic examining and analyzing to find out the impact of macroeconomic factors which comprise of gross domestic product (GDP); Bank Indonesia interest rate (BI rate); inflation; exchange rate; unemployment. Then bank specific indicators, which comprise of total assets; loan deposit ratio (LDR); capital adequacy ratio (CAR); credit growth. The conclusion of this study is confirmed that macroeconomic and bank specific factors have a significant impact on NPLs and BSP.

The study examined the relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Government Expenditure between 1981 and 2012. The motivation was, in fitting regression model to time series data, autocorrelation in the error terms should be expected. Utilizing data from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, we found that regression model could capture the linear relationship between the dependent variable (GDP) and the independent (Government Expenditure). However, the error terms of the regression model were found to be autocorrelated and could be corrected by ARIMA(1,0,1) model. Moreover, regression model with an ARIMA(1,0,1) error was able to capture the linear relationship between GDP and the Government Expenditure alongside the autocorrelated errors. Evidence from the model revealed that Gross Domestic Product is a linear function of Government Expenditure at present and immediate previous year. The policy implication of this study is that if Government Expenditure is kept constant from immediate previous year to the present year, then, the GDP would tend to decrease, as such; Government should vary its expenditures in order to improve the GDP.

Introduction: The present study aims to analyze the waiting time before the general and specialized medical consultation, to identify the causes and consequences of prolonged waiting and propose ways to reduce the waiting time. Methodology: The study will be descriptive and will use the literature review to determine the long waiting time before the medical specialist consultation for patients referred, the participant observation to measure wait times in general medical consultation and interviews to determine the causes and consequences of a prolonged wait times.

At first glance, Christians attitudes to words political realities during institutions democratization era in democratic republic of Congo, were opposed one another, but their ideas in agreement as for democraticy’s expectation, failed. And they believe that one day in the way things are going, there will be improvement as expected because DRC is still a young democracy. Therefore, the population of Congo must understand that politic sis not bad, but politicians through their bad deeds make people believe that it is a demilish activity. So, it is wrong to think that Christians have no right to do politics, because voting is their right would unchristians when legislating or making decisions concerning the country, make decisions which will not allow Christians to adore God ?

This study was designed to characterize the most cultivated and consumed yam (Dioscorea) cultivars within the Ghanaian yam germplasm based on their physico-functional properties in order to assess their potential alternative food and industrial processing applications. Matured yam varieties grown and harvested under the same climatic and edaphic factors were obtained from the Roots and Tuber Conservatory Division of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso Ghana. Colour of bulk flour for each yam sample was measured using the Hunter Lab Colour Difference Meter. Functional properties such as water absorption capacity, swelling power and solubility index were determined using standard analytical procedures. Significant differences (p<0.05) existed among the yam varieties for their colour and functional properties. Flours of D. bulbifera and D. dumetorum had an attractive yellow colour while flour of D. esculenta recorded the highest whiteness (L = 84.09). D. esculenta had the highest swelling power (9.4%) and solubility index of 27.6%. No significant difference was observed in water absorption at 27°C and 70°C for all varieties except D. dumetorum. D. dumetorum flour had relatively high water absorption capacity of 295.9% in water at 27°C and 189.4% in water at 70°C. The findings from this research will be relevant to yam producers and processors in programmes aimed at developing new food/industrial processing applications using Ghanaian yams.

This study addresses some mathematical and statistical techniques of medical image compression and their computational implementation. Fundamental theories have been presented, applied and illustrated with examples. To make the report as self-contained as possible, key terminologies have been defined and some classical results and theorems are stated, in the most part, without proof. Some algorithms and techniques of image processing have been described and substantiated with experimentation using MATLAB. Medical image compression is necessary for huge database storage in Medical Centers and medical data transfer for the purpose of diagnosis. Wavelet transforms present one such approach for the purpose of compression. The same has been explored in study with respect to wide variety of medical images. In this approach, the redundancy of the medical image and DWT coefficients are reduced through thresholding and further through Huffman encoding. In this study our main goal is to compare different types of wavelets for medical image compression. Finally, implementation of the above-mentioned concepts is illustrated.

Despite the technological advances in the system for determining spatial coordinates in recent years, still they have minimal defects, therefore, the GPS not as evidenciable would be considered as the localization error is denoted in a few meters unlike what actually recorded. That's why, to analyze a vehicle trajectory, conducted the study of a set of records, downloaded from a website, which contain GPS trajectories 10,357 taxis during the period from 2 to 8 February 2008 in the city of Beijing. Fields containing the data set are: taxi identifier, date and time, longitude and latitude. a corresponding geographical map was also used to the city mentioned, which was unloaded in download.geofabrik.de, and was implemented by the Geographic Information System QGIS, the same which allows a geographical display of all vehicular paths. The resulting information will be integrated into the R statistical analysis tool for the user to visualize in statistical tables movements of taxis at certain times or points of the city, so it can be displayed in bar statistics frequency fields and time. These data obtained have greater relevance because, you can work and manage an accurate and concrete way.

With the advent of smartphones and applications that provide users originate research efforts to learn the basic software that allows the iteration between the device and the user, this is called the Android operating system for mobile devices. This paper explains the main features, architecture and components of the operating system, analyzing their kernel, making the final make a comparison with GNU / Linux and application models, drivers, kernel extensions, as a result of this investigation.

This paper reviews wildlife crime in developing countries, its effects on rural livelihoods and the measures taken to curb it. The key question is whether the efforts made by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) and other organizations in conjunction with various nations is paying off. While efforts by CITES are being lauded, individuals and governments have violated the laws that regulate exports, imports and re-exports of wild. Thus, this crime has pushed such species, especially the endangered species to the brink of extinction, hence impacting on the livelihoods of the rural poor. Rural poverty, food insecurity, corruption, lack of law enforcement, corporate crime, lack of legislation, conflicts, and increasing demand have been identified as the main drivers of this crime. Trade suspensions of non-compliance nations by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora, seizures of wildlife species and products as well as strengthening of law enforcement, coordination between nations, and raising public awareness through workshops, conferences and the media have been some of the solutions embarked on to solve this crime. To achieve a more sustainable economic growth in developing nations, tackling the crime suggest priority attention be given to this resource and tougher sanctions be carried out by CITES and other international and national organizations.

The objective of this research is to propose a measuring scale of people satisfaction in Moroccan public administrations showing valid and satisfactory psychometric properties. The methodology is based on the steps recommended by the paradigm of Churchill (1979), which allows to build rigorous instruments standard questionnaire measuring multiple scales. Measurements were constructed from two surveys of officials at the Casablanca-Settat region. The processing and analysis of data collected by questionnaire was made using the SPSS 21 for exploratory factor analysis and AMOS 21 for confirmatory factor analyzes. The results demonstrate the existence of five factors of personnel satisfaction need to be considered: Compensation and career management, Information on work, relationship at work, choice of work and service and working conditions. This research proposes a validated measurement instrument according to the most rigorous validation methods and the latest methodological advances, in particular by confirmatory factor analyzes has then been created.

Nowadays enterprises are considering economics grow based on exportations. When we go into the study of migrant groups, experiences and cultural contexts established in deep-rooted ancestral customs that allow us to identify problems and opportunities in the context of supply and demand for products. Being this the precursor of market opportunities that are created in both the host countries and in emerging or developing countries. Companies in relevant markets are building international brands supporting these somewhat vulnerable populations to change their living conditions, in order to provide a vision of opportunity. Given this increasingly representative worldwide phenomenon, this paper aims to focus the ways in which some of the companies captivated by relevant markets are facing the challenges and taking advantage of the multiplier effect and expansion wave to give sustainability to their markets.

This is a story of research synthesis and Islamic archeology that we occurred on a geographical area North East Moroccan Taza, Debdou, Taourirt and the region. This is the first such research in Islamic archeology in this part of Morocco. Thus, this research fits into a larger perspective. It is the establishment of an archaeological map of the area, itself part of a vast archaeological program throughout Morocco. We evoked at first, the most famous monuments of the city of Taza, dating back to the Middle Ages namely religious architecture represented by the Grand Mosque and other monuments and defensive architecture through its ramparts and bastion. The second part of this article will focus on the medieval archaeological site of the city of Debdou and its components: the qasba and the mosque and the medieval town of Qasba Taourirt and the most important historical monuments of the city. We approach then the other historical monuments, little known which are very important on the architectural and heritage level, the medieval Qasba called "Merada" near the town of Guercif and Qasba Alouite called "Msoun", to 25 km east of the city of Taza on the national road linking Fez to Oujda. In this research special attention was given to the cartographic, graphic and photographic documentation.

Obviously, the concept of the entrepreneur is polyphonic and researchers in the field of entrepreneurship have not unanimously retained a consensual definition of this concept. This phenomenon has attracted so much the interest of social scientists in all disciplines such as economics, management, psychology, sociology, etc. However, the contribution of researchers in management science seems the most significant. This article aims to highlight all schools of thought and different streams of research on entrepreneurship. Besides, we try to explore all different previous studies dealing with the entrepreneur as a research subject. Finally, we try to stress research opportunities in the field of entrepreneurship.

Stress situations confronted in anyone’s study and work environment are seen as a chief characteristic of our modern society. Therefore, researchers from different scientific fields, perpetually, are studying this phenomenon and trying, by several tools and methods to suggest an appropriate conceptualization. This hard exercise conducted by researchers emphasize how this concept called stress is related to a complex phenomenon, why its study is significant for many stakeholders (public administrations, private organizations, universities, families, students, etc.) and to what extent the results obtained from empirical investigations could be beneficial to establish efficient strategies or at least adjust others deployed somewhere. This article is in search of explaining the business students’ stress on the subject of the situations that could explain their emergence in a university context. Methodologically, our research paper was based on a quantitative questionnaire distributed to 500 college business students in Kingdom of Morocco to emphasize their evaluation of the sources recognized to be the catalyst of stress felt in their study and living environment. Classification, in the light of the business students’ stress, was made to aggregate, in factors, the situations acknowledged to be sources of anxiety for business students. As a result, six factors underlying the business students’ stress sources were found. Nevertheless these factors, when confronted to the literature, explicit divergence that could be enlightened to fit comprehension and simplification purpose.

In this work, we investigate the hydrochimy of surface water of the Senegal River (the Mauritanian delta of the city of Rosso). After several years of domestic exploitation: agricultural and industrial one, besides the climate changes in the area, it is interesting to make sure of the quality of water. With this intention, we tried to carry out a physicochemical evaluation, to have an idea on the probabilities of pollution and the effect of the seasonal variation of the climate on water of this river. For that a sampling was carried out during every season of 2015 at the five stations on the axis of the river at the city of Rosso. The followed physicochemical parameters are : T°C, pH, C.E, the total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+ , Na+, K+ , NH4+, CL-, NO2-, NO3-, HCO3-, CO2, SO4--,TA, TAC and suspended matter. These measures comprise volumetric analysis, spectroscopic, Potentiometric. Statistical exploitation of the results and their comparison with the European standards of potability of water has shown that there is a true deterioration of the quality of water of the Senegal River. The content of nitrite varies between 0.13 mg/l and 1.6 mg/l with an average about 0,55mg/l which exceeds the standard (0.1 mg/l).The content of bicarbonate varies between 18 mg/l and 61 mg/l with average value36, 14mg/L exceeds the standard (30 mg/l).The content of carbon dioxide varies between 6.94 mg/l and 28.45 mg/l with average value 17.26 mg/l exceeds the standard (10 mg/l). A quality control of water of the Senegal River must be required and updated in particular the reduction of the domestic and industrial effluent of the factories located at the shore of this river.

Core banking diffusion in developing countries has been phenomenal in comparison to the many other technological devices implemented/introduced over the past 20 years. The success of this modality has spurred a lot of studies on consumers’ adoption and usage. The purpose of this research is to understand factors that influence core banking deployments in the financial sector, specifically in the context of a developing country. This study has adopted the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and a qualitative approach to analyze core banking technology deployments in a financial company in Ghana. Respondents were interviewed to understand mobile banking deployments and thematic analysis was used for the purposes of making conclusions on the data. However, the study found that variables in the TOE framework like the relative advantage of a given technology, the less complex a technology, management support, firm size, competitive pressure and customer expectation were seen to influence core banking deployments. Another finding was that core banking functionality was not just about installing the services for consumers to use, but for the company to perform a trial run before deploying the services to customers. The findings will serve as a guide for financial companies in the deployment of similar technologies in the future.

The objective of this study is the impact of “work and family” conciliation of the women health agent in Porto-Novo city, on their children education. Jean Pierre PAGES theory (1993) is here our analysis model so as to build a field of controversies by taking in account the opinion of each other concerned by this subject. The information received on the literature review plans, about work and women, led us to the formulation of the hypothesis, depending on whether, the women health professionals of Porto-Novo city in Benin get real difficulties in conciliating their profession and their mother role. In order to verify this hypothesis, we’ve chosen two hundred and fifty subjects who answered to a questioner, which includes the status of the women in health field, the housework, and the difficulties tied to their organization The results obtained are supporting this hypothesis by emerging first from this, the husband’s controversial appreciation regarding to the situation, then about the problems engendered by this situation on the family life and at the end the impact and the women absence on children education.

The emergence of obesity and diabetes in Ivory Coast due to changes in the population’s lifestyle led us to conduct this study. Ivorian flora abounds in many plants with pharmacological properties. Through this study, we want to find the plants that were best suited to treat both obesity and diabetes. We have found eighteen (18) plant species used for the treatment of diabetes and ten (10) for the treatment of obesity. Among these plants, two of them were the most indicated for the treatment of diabetes, it is Picralima nitida and Catharantus roseus. Similarly for obesity is Cassia senna which was most appropriate. However, it is Moringa oleifera and Phyllanthus amarus that have been mentioned for the treatment of both obesity and diabetes. The Moringa oleifera is used as a dietary supplement. Our study shows that the Moringa oleifera can be recommended for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.

The tchapalo is a traditional beverage made from cereals widely consumed in Côte d’Ivoire. A study conducted in Abidjan was to identify tchapalo production sites and to characterize them. The questionnaire survey was carried out in 10 towns of the city among responsible of tchapalo production areas. The results indicated that the responsible of tchapalo production areas were only women whose 59.1% are older than 45 years. These responsible employed 2094 women to assist them in their activities on average 4 persons per cabaret. The Ivorian women who practiced this activity were mainly ethnic group Gur and more precisely of the Lobi ethnic (94.66%) and to a lesser extent the Akan group (0.98%). In total, 538 tchapalo production areas have been identified in the Abidjan city. The Yopougon contained the highest number of cabarets (137 cabarets) followed municipalities of Abobo (123 cabarets) and Cocody (102 cabarets). Municipalities contained massive tchapalo production areas and individual production areas. Tchapalo production areas the aromas are also characterized by the presence of flies, filth and stagnant sewage. The municipalities of Abobo, Adjame, Attecoubé and Port-Bouet were the most unhealthy. This study represents not only a basic cartographic support for the government but also provide them information to develop appropriate measures to the supervision of brewers of compliance with rules of good hygiene and production practices that could improve their well-being and that of the consumer population.

The economic growth of a country is often judged by different results having a direct impact on the life of the population. It was demonstrated that when the standard of living of the population is raised, his attitude, in the matter of birthrate, stretches to go to a controlled procreation; dragging surely a stability or a diminution of the birthrate and surely of a number of the population. The DRC government has done efforts in this sense, pushing him to declare that the country attains, in the matter of population, the level of countries entering in transitional demographic phase, more precisely entering in the first phase of the demographic transition. Knowing that all countries of the world pass by different steps of this schema, the goal of this work is to determine the real level attained by the Congolese populations confirming or annulling authorities’ declarations in this regard. After analyses by using graphical and numerical methods of comparison, we are arrived to the conclusion according to who, the DRC is still in phase meadow-transitional, then efforts must be supplied for the improvement of this situation.

The city policy unlike urban policy aims to rebuild the pieces of the stigmatized city located mostly to the peripheries of cities. Indeed, those who formulated the policy of the city, trying to apply a new public policy articulated around socializing ideology. The cognitive dimensions of these decisions aim to create socially harmonious cities, egalitarian and free from the concrete contractors of selfishness and greed architects and interest. New city policies are experiences to create an integrated man, released from its bellicose provisions in a city increasingly oppressive and dangerous. Max Weber pointed out that the city is not a natural thing, but is the result largely of urban policies, streamlining processes, and even bureaucracy. We must streamline the city knowing that the regulatory planning and planner are exceeded; it must therefore, help the development of sustainable cities, make possible the participation of the population, and allow modest citizens to live in decent material conditions.

This article aims to explore the determinants of Moroccan culture and analyze their influence on the relational integration and the performance of Supply Chains, by answering the following research question: Does Moroccan culture present favorable characteristics to the relational integration of Supply Chains? Given the fact that the relational integration of Supply Chains represents the cornerstone of the philosophy of Supply Chain Management, a crucial source of the performance of the whole of links of Supply Chain, and an origin of the durability of their relations. And since the national culture showed its influence on values and lifestyles, on negotiations, and on behavior and ethics. Consequently, we can estimate that national culture can have influence on the relational integration and the performance of Supply Chains, and the building of trust between partners. The methodology adopted is both qualitative and quantitative, and is inscribed in the framework of moderate positivist epistemological position. The combination of methods will lead us to identify and more understand our research problematic.

The term Smart-Grids, literally "Smart Grid" in the case of electrical networks can be extended to smart water networks. Indeed, thanks to systems using ICT (information technology and communications), network management becomes distributed and bidirectional. In this context, this paper discusses the design and implementation of an intelligent water meter and communicating at low cost. This counter is based on Arduino type of development boards and hall effect sensors that measure water flow. The assembly communicates with a central control and data storage via common communication interfaces.

This work relates to a method of flow control for a unit of ultrafiltration membrane water powered by photovoltaic energy over the Sun in order to better master the sealing time and avoid damage to the filtration module. The complete system modeled and simulated on Matlab/Simulink includes a photovoltaic generator and a floor of adaptation converter-inverter, a single phase Electromagnetic induction motor coupled to a centrifugal pump, constituting the membrane ultrafiltration unit. The chopper booster switch IGBT is controlled by a MPPT controller - P & O that regularly adjusts the duty cycle taking its values in a range restricted to stabilize the voltage at the output of the chopper, and at the same time the flow of the pump.

Rosetta is one of the cities in Egypt Lake County, located in the west of the Nile at the mouth of the Rosetta branch of the Mediterranean, and represents one of the corners of the triangle occupied by Delta between Cairo and Damietta and Rosetta, and is one of the important Egyptian ports. Mamluk sultans were interested in the establishment of military fortifications and means of enemy control, where the Lighthouse of Al-Zahir Baybars was the most important of these fortifications, Sultan Qayet-Bey established a tower, the sources said that he visited Rosetta in 884 AH (1429 AD) for the detection of this tower. Before (1985), This castle landmarks were not clear, which is not conducive to the study of the architectural elements, Researcher was General Manager for the Rosetta effects, and Head of the Mission of the Islamic and Coptic monuments sector in the Egyptian Antiquities Authority, and supervised the excavation and restoration of the castle, and rehabilitation to be a tourist attraction, within the national project activities to restore the monuments of Rosetta in (1985). The researcher was able to place a large number of drawings and illustrations of the elements of the castle after identifying all the architectural features and determine the time periods that have passed these milestones, and if possible to identify many of the renovation work throughout the period since the thirteenth century until the nineteenth century and that during the reign of Al-Zahir Baybars, Sultan Qayet-Bey, Sultan Al-Ghouri, Ottoman era and Muhammad Ali, as well as possible access to this castle that had been established along the lines of the lighthouse of Alexandria, which was set up by the castle. Excavations began in preparation for the restoration of the castle, it has made the site depths reached three meters was largely under the groundwater level in search of the foundations of the castle and in particular the internal tower internal parts. Despite the short time that has the excavations, which did not exceed the month, but it resulted in a very significant results, where possible, follow the foundations of the castle and the study of the merits of excavations, documented and photographed, and draw a full outline of the castle in each period that passed by. Thus possible to put an end to the controversy that erupted around this castle and its history and the evolution of its military and its elements, and this has not happened before, it has also been described Citadel, which never one to be described or has studied complete a thorough study.

Ani ruins located near the border between Turkey and Armenia on the west bank of the River Akhuryan, the military position in the first place, and is - according to the topography of the region Alleha- built on an elevated area planning to take a triangle, its base in the south, It seems that the choice was deliberate according to the great defense of the city. The importance of Ani due to being a trading center on the Silk towards Anatolia, and control through a crossroads for trade caravans between Byzantium and Persia, Syria and Central Asia, as one of the Armenian cities that retains many of the buildings of the Islamic character in terms of architectural planning and architectural elements and artistic. Armenia has been affected by Islamic tradition since the income of the Muslims in the Umayyad era during the reign of Walid bin Abdul Malik, and it was the results of the stability of the Arab presence seen in the Abbasid prosperous architect, and she continued renovations and construction of many buildings and facilities operations, helping to move the architectural influences of the Abbasid and spread on throughout Armenia, where he built mosques, palaces and walls with towers, markets, hotels, khans and baths. Architectural influences Seljuk moved to groves Annie especially when Alp Arslan renew groves city private fences and gates, in (465 AH) Al-shdaddein (Kurdish) strain and purchasing (1072 m) of the city, and who they adopted the religious tolerance policy toward the city's population of Christians. The research aims to highlight the civil architectural heritage of the city of Annie, Kalqsour which include: Palace castle and palace northwest city (Sultan Galatasaray), fences and gates, which include: Duane Gate and Lion Gate (Alp Arslan), these buildings with Islamic influences, and the resolution of the controversy over real history of the groves, and to highlight the planning and architectural and artistic elements of Islamic influences that have left traces on the Seljuk architecture later. Spin research questions about the importance of civic buildings Islamic Annie city, consisting of palaces and fortifications of war, and what analytical elements and the comparison was based on them, along with Alaiwana planning emergence of inertial affected by the traditions of the Abbasid architecture, as fences and gates followed the same architectural planning and architectural elements of the walls and towers of the Abbasid Balastgamat. Hence, the researcher followed the descriptive and analytical approach to the study of buildings contained research, as well as the comparative method with buildings that went on the same layout and architectural elements and decorative.

Asir region famous for the existence of a number of architectural heritages which include the Heritage Houses, palaces and ancient castles that played a big role in immunization and the defense of the region landmarks. The Asir region, – by its identity heritage and respect of the archaeological treasures - an environment of urban heritage which features a comprehensive idea of traditional architecture, in every sense of the good solutions reflected the conditions of the local environment «climatic, geographic, social», as well as the content of design solutions in line with the the needs of the individual and the community in terms of customs and traditions. Architectural Heritage varies in Asir region between residential architecture and fortifications taken character of war in its entirety, where the lower walls built of large rocks topped by upper walls built of stone or clay, used logs to become bishop, consists of palaces and fortifications warships from several floors up to seven. One of the most fortified palaces in the Asir region palaces Abha and Khamis Mushayt and Bisha and Namas and Tanumah, and Shada Palace and dad urgent and Wadi Hishbl. Asir was the only in the Arabian Peninsula beyond the Ottoman political spectrum but which is the most dangerous in the Arabian Peninsula on the places where the Ottoman presence. The Ottomans sent a military campaign was able to triumph over Alasirien after heroic resistance valiant and besieged leadership in Reeda. And for the achievements of the Ottomans from the military success in Asir have set up a number of castles citadel as Shamsan, Daqal, Thara, She'aar and Qushla. The research aims to highlight the military architectural heritage in Asir region, which consists of fortifications in civil buildings as fortified palaces, castles and forts that were used for housing, defense and surveillance. The scientific method, which runs the research, to study the fortifications in civilian buildings, forts and castles in the region of Asir, the descriptive approach of these buildings on one side and the analytical method and comparative of defensive architectural elements inertial fortified castles and contemporary forts on the other. The paper discusses models of castles, forts and military installations architecture established during the Ottoman era, the castles and forts built by locals and local materials as stone and clay, and model form in accordance with the models prevailing fortifications in that region, and these castles built on the foundations of previous castles on the Ottoman era.

Objective of the study was to evaluate water management efficiency at Karaigorou’s irrigated rice fields. Efficiency of water distribution amongst users was assed using equity and percent grower satisfaction, as key indicators of effectiveness. Survey conducted amongst irrigated water users revealed that water was not fairly distributed among rice growers. Equity index found was 23% which was much higher than reference value of this indicator of 10%. User satisfaction of the watering scheme varies from 70% to 82% between the wet and the dry seasons of irrigated rice, respectively. These low values of user fulfillment clearly indicate insufficient water availability in the perimeter’s irrigation scheme. Water distribution inefficiency was most likely due to degraded irrigation channels, weak water management skills, bad crop growing calendar and bad setup of irrigation canals. It is suggested that inefficiency can be overcome by improved growers capacities, and good cooperative organization.

This paper deals with land transactions on the border rural area of Dan Barto. Under the influence of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Kano, Mai Adua and Daoura), the rural area of Dan Barto knows a great pressure on land. This high demand has led farmers to fragment them and selling them. Through a methodological approach focused primarily on quantitative and qualitative surveys, data were collected to analyze the situation. The results reveal that the land, considered in the past as an inalienable heritage of the family, is today the subject of many speculations. Indeed, Nigerian traders buy expensive small plots to build commercial buildings (shops, gas stations, parking lots, houses) and department stores to save their goods. This contributes to the vulnerability of populations already subject to a scarcity increases, with the consequent emergence in recent years of landless peasants. To reverse this situation the local authorities should raise awareness about the long-term danger of selling land for present and future generations. Then, to sustainably secure the peasant supporters are more than necessary for the garden and income-generating activities. Finally, the state must rethink its policy of border areas by making them more viable.

This research showed positive effect of A. senegal on soils total microbial activity on different sites in Niger. Soils were sampled under and outside A. senegal crown. The depth of soil sampling is 0-25 cm. sites that samples take out are: Azzai, Bader, Malam Maimari, N’Guel kolo, Kokoye and Kiki. Activity was greater on soils under A. senegal crown, than outside crown. Results showed strong correlation between total microbial activity and soils physico-chemical parameters. Correlation was positive on soils with higher clay content, and negative on those with higher sand content. Thus, under A. senegal crown, soils total microbial activity was significantly different between studied sites. Activity on Kiki’s site with value of 5,9 µg/g/h, was twice that obtained at N’Guel kolo. On all sites, total microbial activities on soils outside of A. senegal crown, was either a third lower (Kokoye and N’Guel kolo), or half lower (Kiki, Malam Maimari, Bader and Azzai), than under the crown. A. senegal is legume plant, that can contribute to fertilize and stabilize poor soils. A better valorisation of A. senegal would allow development of agroforestry system in nitrogen deficient soils of the Sahelian zone. Agroforestry practices could increase plant diversity, control soil erosion and sequester organic carbon.