Information today is a strategic resource of great value to companies and organizations, by analyzing it you can make the right decisions in time to impact business development. Management information systems for decision making are today a very important business priority. In this paper, a management system model was analyzed to ensure that the information and strategic business objectives of a Contact Center are correctly aligned, integrating all available information sources so that they interact with each other and serve as support in making important decisions. Several statistical and technological tools were used, gathering information on the processes that currently exist in the area, on those operational and information management systems, evaluating their indicators based always on the management perspective and using research instruments such as interviews, surveys, analysis and observation, obtaining as a result a system as a management model. Needs, sources and resources were identified to establish an information management framework to be used as a tool for business planning and strategy. As future work, the use of these and other new business strategies is proposed hand in hand with new information systems and technologies that can provide the necessary support and services to improve business operations and management.

The insufficiency of the space where must be exerted the breeding in the commune of Kadutu is one of factors of the dearness of the animal products of every day consumption by the population. Thus, the diets of the population of this region contain less food able to get animal proteins to him however necessary for good health. Whereas the population of this commune does not cease increasing entrain at the same time the increase in the request for foodstuffs, it is observed on the markets that the prices of the foodstuffs of animal origin are unstable, generally fluctuating with the rise with the detriment of the population, from where it is observed there a certain food insecurity in this commune. These prices are not posted and vary according to the petitioning customer, the hour of the sale and the place of the transaction. These products are especially sold with the population with the micro detail because they are especially many those which cannot get some easily because of their weak purchasing power. This research which had as a principal objective to inform the various actors interested by the transactions of these products about the mechanism of marketing of these products (the needs for the market, the products desired and the prices, the strategies to be developed, the forces, the weaknesses, the appropriatenesses and the threats this activity in this medium, while making information more transparent to contribute to the space integration of the markets for thus promoting the food safety of the population of this commune. It was carried out on ground, in the markets, by means of a sample survey based on random sample active sales men marketing these products into the markets. The quantities of foodstuffs of animal origin required in this commune are estimated at 12880 kilograms of meat, 8610 heads of bovines sold on foot, 5866 heads of squids, 4876 heads the caprine ones, 1688 heads of sheep, and 5926 heads of porcine;14372 kilograms is the quantity of products of fishing required on the markets of the commune of Kadutu in direction of territories, 49074 kilograms is the quantity of "sambaza", pins and other types of fish of the lake Kivu sold on the markets of Kadutu;7839500 kilograms of fresh tilapia sold; 120892 liters of milk were required by the consumers, and 90563 eggs were sold with the population of the commune of Kadutu on various markets of this region.

The teachers of the primary schools and secondaries which work in the groupings of Miti and Mudaka have a very weak rate of integration of technologies information and communication in their occupations. Several factors economic, cultural, social, political and of technological environment are at the base of this weak access to this technology of the century which however is essential currently in their profession. The present research carried out in these two rural entities of the South-Kivu east arrived at the following results:2,27% of teachers working at the primary school in grouping of Mudaka have against their own computers 0,93% with Miti, whereas 15,46% are the rate of those which have a computer among the teachers of the secondary with Mudaka and 20% in Miti;2,04% of teachers of the primary education surveyed in grouping of Mudaka use against Internet 8,41% in the grouping of Miti; where as those which exert with the secondary, the rates are about 26,8% of teachers surveyed in grouping of Mudaka who use against Internet 23,07% for those of Miti. Whereas 2,04% of teachers of the primary education of Mudaka use some time the computer to illustrate the concepts of data processing taught against 2,8% of Miti, this rate is 10,3% of teachers of the secondary with Mudaka who use against the computer 10,76% in the grouping of Miti. Only 10,3% of teachers of the secondary surveyed in Mudaka use the data-processing supports for 12,37% with Miti while this rate is 1,86% for those of the primary education of Mudaka and 2,04% with Miti. Concerning the possession of address e-mail, research found that for the teachers of the primary education, 0,68% of surveyed teachers with Mudaka have against the address e-mail 2,8% with Miti and that on the level of those which exert with the secondary, 18,46% are the rate of those of Miti which has it whereas in Mudaka, this rate of possession of address e-mail is 13,4%.The percentage of teachers of these mediums formed with the use of TIC to teach their matters is very weak as well as the percentage of teachers trained to give introductory courses to data processing in teaching primary education and secondary requires that main efforts are made in this sector because the capacity of the teachers in this field leaves something to be desired. In all the two groupings and all the schools where these actors of the formation exert, we found that neither the computer-assisted learning nor the teaching assisted by Internet exists, less still the use of radio of teaching use nor television set of teaching use. The only widespread and more used teaching supports are old handwritten documents, here, not of teacher, not of course.

The children girls are not schooled at the same rate as the children boys in the grouping of Miti whether it is in the primary education that in the secondary and technical or professional education. This schooling is much more favorable to the male children because of the sexist stereotypes, the house work essentially exercised by the girls, the multiplicity of expenses to pay for the schooling of the children by poor families, coverage of the teachers by the parents, the not application of the constitutional arrangement concerning the free access of the primary education, the discrimination of the girls in the school environment, the pregnancies and the higher early marriages at the female children, the rapes and the violence against girls, the social and political instability, the habits and customs, the multiple social gravities. The rates are of the order of 50,02 % for the boys and 49,97 % for the girls in the primary education during the school year 2015-2016 and during 40,19 % for the girls against 59,8 % for the children boys, from where the gap is 19,61 % favorable to the children boys, every subscribers in secondary schools, technical and professional in this grouping. For the school year 2016-2017, the rates are of the order of 4120 girls (49,69 %) who were schooled on a school population of 8290 pupils against 4170 boys or 50,3 %, from where the 0,61 % gap favorable to the boys at the primary level, while in the secondary sector, the proportions registered of 3333 pupils in all the secondary schools of the grouping of Miti, the girls are only 1406 pupils or 42,18 % against 1927 boys or 57,81 % with a 15,63 % gap for the benefit of boys. In the sanitary institutions, the women have a rate of 28,4 % representativeness against 71,5 % for the men. For the unique institution of agronomic search, they are represented to 14,2 % and in the school institutions, the women occupy the rates of 11 % to the secondary sector, and 38,78 % at the primary level in 2017. Only six institutions are managed by the women, among whom three primary schools, a secondary establishment and an agronomic research center. In grouping of Miti, we are still very far from approaching the parity man-woman advocated nevertheless by the constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

We illustrate a rare association of a primitive cancer of the breast and the lung primitive cancer by the case of a 67-year-old woman, a fortuitous discovery during a balance sheet operating meadow in particular of extension of a nodule of the left breast classified radiologically BIRADS 4. This exceptional known association imposes a search for the genetic factors, and the factors which favor the arisen of the cancer. But especially, she requires a multidisciplinary coverage seen the difficulty of the therapeutic decision.

This study analyzes the relevance of the non-verbal communication and its problems cases of the sign Language used by deaf in the city of Goma. - The assumption is that the sign language would have the same linguistic values and would be a full language and that - the users would have the same intellectual capacities, fillings, utility in the society and that the deafness affects the communication that is a social fact. - Since the deaf are teachable the Congolese state should recognize this sign language as language of their education among others for to facilitates the equality of opportunities. Thanks to the methods analytic, descriptive, statistical and the documentary technique, the poll, the interview and the questionnaires addressed to 105 persons which 40 deaf, 45 parents and friends and 20 teachers and interpreters living have Goma. This survey recommends the recognition of the sign language among the 5 National languages and its training to facilitate the total integration of the deaf because they have the intellectual capacities and need, this in the perspective the educational success and the social integration for all Congolese.

For years, Morocco is considered one of the countries rich in local products: argan tree, saffron, dates, roses. However, the valorization of these products has evolved only now to become a source of wealth of territory. Through this research, we try to answer the following question: how to make the product of terroir a lever of development of the region of Zagora and Kalaat M'gouna? Our approach is based on a field survey and meetings organized with semi-directive interview guides with the managers of two Al Firdaouss cooperatives in Zagora and Soffi in Kalaat M'gonna.

Africans generally and Zairians particularly have always moaned about no cover or insufficient cover news on their situations from occidental broadcastings. Have they been right? Have they been wrong? That is problem I want to verify in these succession’s articles, taking case of Zaïre during transitional period of 1990 decade. Results establish that Zaïrian State are sufficiently watering by information’s rain from international radios sluices, but at different levels. Voice of America beats all international radios in almost domains. Africa N°1 is queue up in all areas. North’s media are dominate generally, meanwhile in South, Canal-Africa extricate oneself his pin of game. Numerals below in the text are credible.

Today, more than ever, natural resources are a source of conflict and tension between Morocco and the Polisario Front, which is fighting for legitimacy on the international level. The analysis of the position of the conflict stakeholders clearly shows the strategic issues of natural resources. This article allows us to understand profoundly and without doubt the political and economic instrumentalization of the question of the natural resources that the Western Sahara abounds. In this sense, it also allows us to demonstrate clearly the position of both parties inherent in the management of natural resources. The Polisario front does not stop denouncing at the national level and in the international bodies the extraction and the exploitation of the natural resources in Western Sahara. However, Morocco explicitly states that Western Sahara was a poor and desert territory at the time of Spanish colonization but over the years, large and large projects in the Sahara were able to take place. From a methodological point of view, in order to tackle the questions raised for the purposes of this study, we used the neo-institutionalism approach. This theoretical framework is the most relevant paradigm that has allowed us to understand in depth the position of the protagonists of the conflict.

Cowpea (Vigna unguicilata Walp) is a multi-purpose crop grown in the sub-Saharan regions of Africa for its grains and leaves which contribute to food security. Despite the high yield potential of cowpea and its ability to withstand poor conditions, yield at farmers’ level is still low. Past works led to release of several improved varieties. However some of them fell or recorded low rate of adoption because farmers’ needs were not involved in the process of varietal development. The present study untaken in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon aim to: determine cowpea production constraints according to farmers’ perception, determine farmers’ strategies of insect pests control and determine farmers’ preferred cowpea traits. A survey was conducted in four villages: Sanguéré, Souccoundou, Gazawa and Koza. Questionnaires were administered to 150 farmers’ followed by a focus group discussion with groups of 10 to 15 participants. Data collected were analyzed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Frequency distributions were estimated and pair-wise ranking method was performed. Farmers ranked insect pests as the most important cowpea production constraint followed by the lack of improved varieties, drought and Striga. Cowpea flower bud thrips was reported as the most damaging, followed by the flower beetles, maruca, aphids and pod-sucking bugs. Farmers’ most preferred traits were high grain yield, tolerance/resistance to insect, large seed size, white seed coat and fast cooking suggesting that research programs should consider these traits when developing improved cowpea varieties for the benefit of farmers.

Interview is very important for a journalist and listeners. It is a dashboard which permit to the first seeing if he works conscientiously, and to seconds if journalist is a rooster in middle of village or he have penchant for one camp or another. In this item, I want to verify, in facts, if broadcasts well-targeted have respected or not principles of profession, that is to say two sounds of bell each time they interview people. My sample was constituted of 537 interviews and was collected between October the 5th 1992 and September the 24th 1994, on seven International Broadcasting stations. Voice of America arrives in head, with 73 (62.4%). Africa N°1 and Nederland Broadcasting have respectively 3 unites, or 2.6 % and bring up the rear. I have sub-divide groups of persons who are called for an interview (interviewed) in three: 1° Opposition, 2° Neutrals or Experts, 3° Power or Presidential Covance or “Status quo”. First obtains 45.8%, second has 32.4%, last group had realize a score of 21.8%.

From 1994, the Moroccan monetary authorities chose to adopt the monetary targeting policy, through the control of monetary aggregates M1 and M3, to control inflation. This monetary framework was abandoned in 2006, to be replaced by a new monetary approach qualified as multi-criteria. The adoption and abandonment of monetary targeting lacked consensus and clarification by Bank AL Maghrib, which created the need to analyze the fundamentals of these monetary orientations and to assess the degree of relevance of their basic decisions. The purpose of this article is not limited to the analysis and evaluation of Morocco's experience in monetary targeting, but it is spread out to inform about the relevance of the decision-making process of the BAM, especially that Morocco is currently facing decisive monetary orientations such as the exchange rate flexibilisation and the transition towards the policy of targeting inflation.

In Morocco, Agriculture is a key sector of the national economy, playing crucial social and economic roles. The sector accounts for around 14 to 20% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and represents 43% of all employment. Winter cereals (soft wheat, durum wheat and barley) are produced all over the country, occupying nearly 65% of agricultural lands and therefore cereal yields forecasting is a major tool for decision making, allowing for planning in advance actions like annual cereal imports or aids to farmers. The present study highlights the substantial contribution of remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques in predicting soft wheat yields at the rural commune of Ouled Saleh, Region Casablanca-Settat in Morocco. The forecasting methodology was based on two steps: First, a land cover map of the study area was produced using Sentinel imagery to identify agricultural zones; second, simple linear regression models were established between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and soft wheat yields over the period 2002-2012. Our results showed high correlations between the NDVI of agricultural lands, averaged over the period from February till March or April and soft wheat yields. Therefore, NDVI can be used as a predictor index to early forecast soft wheat yields one to two months before harvest.

This work tries to analyze the different obstacles to the demand for financing and to compare their effects to that of religiosity. The aim is to provide insights for marketing decision makers about areas for improvement to increase the competitiveness of their Islamic products. For this, we examined using the survey of the World Bank "Global Findex", the determinants of access to the banking system. Our results showed that the effect of religiosity is the second after the price effect. As a result, a Moroccan consumer may prefer a non-religious financial product at a lower price than a more expensive Islamic religious product.

This paper aims to examine the relationship between globalization and social policy. The Moroccan experience is addressed. Globalization and trade liberalization have significantly limited the State's initiatives for pursuing social interests. In this context, the introduction of new social policies with innovation, is particularly acute, to overcome the social challenges and maintain social links. In this regard, and in case of the Moroccan, it is about to show how the National Initiative for Human Development, introduces innovation, through its main pillars and goals, and led a social transformation, with the aim of rebuilding social cohesion.

Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) consists in valuing human excreta as bio-fertilizer after treatment of feces by adding ash for composting and treatment of urine by storage in hermetically sealed containers. As schistosomiasis is endemic in the study area, the question is whether hygienization of schistosome-infected excreta is effective in eliminating them. The objective of the study is to determine the parasitic load of urine and feces, the parameters and the maximum time that influences the hygienization. A prevalence survey helped to identify and know the level of parasitic infestation of sick people. Full urine and ash-treated stool samples collected from infected persons were analyzed daily and every 15 days. The pH and temperature values of each urine sample were recorded. The results show that the eggs of S. haematobium and S.mansoni disappear respectively after 30 and 15 days of hygienization. The parameters that influence the hygienization are the increase of the pH and the oscillation of the temperature. Ecosan would be a solution to fight against schistosomiasis because the application of sanitized urine and feces breaks the cycle of transmission of the disease.

This research demonstrates the opposite of the theory of protectionism in international trade as applied by the Democratic Republic of Congo, which aims in itself the protection of domestic production against foreign competition. When tariff barriers are used as a means of protection, the tariff being a tax, it generates income and most of the least developed African countries, one-third of their tax revenue comes from international trade. But these tariff barriers are justified only in the interest of protecting domestic production against foreign competition. If ever a domestic product would not compete with a foreign like product, there is no reason to apply tariff barriers. This is not the case for the Democratic Republic of Congo, where all foreign products in competition or not with domestic products are hit by import taxes for the sole purpose of maximizing revenue. This situation puts all the weight on the poor consumer who has to pay up to three taxes to buy a basic necessity not produced by the country. We must therefore stop the contrary application of the theory that generates revenues from imports necessary for the survival of the consumer and which sustains the finances of the state on the misery of the population.

The Mutual insurance companies of Solidarity contribute enormously to the financial inclusion of the low-income people, and constitute an answer to the problem of financing of the agricultural activities in rural areas in RD Congo, more exactly in the territory of Mahagi. However, although the agriculture shows financial needs which the informal microfinance is incapable to satisfy, in particular the investments in heavy agricultural equipments which require consequent loans, the Mutual insurance companies of solidarity are an answer adapted in the context of absence of financing in favour of the countrymen and the urban poor people, especially that the institutions of microfinance are in their majority installed in urban areas, and do not take care of farmers, because of the risk which present the actors in this sector. The actors of the informal microfinance (MUSO) develop tools, approaches and innovative networks, which return this socially responsible microfinance.

Gari is a flour obtained by frying cassava pulp. This operation is not mechanized today in Benin. Gari processors are working under difficult conditions that exposed them to smoke and heat resulting in serious health hazard. Manual gari frying process and physico-mechanical characteristics of the obtained gari from three different localities were evaluated. The achieved results showed that, cassava greater throughput is of 390 kg/h whereas that of frying of 18 kg/h. The yield of gari production is of 26.9% and cassava pulp moisture decreases from 42.27% to 5.9% during the dry-frying step when temperature increases from 27 °C to 90 °C. The values for moisture, bulk density, coefficient of uniformity of obtained respective gari are for Savalou 6.28%, 602.02 kg/m3, 2.12, Comé 6.12%, 596.08 kg/m3, 2.40 and Ikpinlè 8.11%, 609.78 kg/m3, 2.21. Their coefficients of friction are respectively for Savalou 0.68, Comé 0.65 and Ikpinlè 0.62, on the black iron sheet surface. Those results give us a useful data basis for the design of a performing frying gari machine.

Nowadays, brand personality is one of the most studied concepts regarding the brand-consumer relationship. However, the antecedents of this concept have received little interest from researchers. Our empirical investigation, applied to a sample of 309 Tunisian customers of three mobile telephony operators, shows that the perception of a brand personality depends on the level of self-congruence with some components of brand image. Functional congruence that assesses the matching between utilitarian performances of products and customers’ needs is also shown to influence brand personality. The results of our research also confirm that self-image congruence has a significant effect on functional congruence. In theoretical terms, this work contributes in a better understanding of the way brand personality (and so brand image) is formed in the spirit of a customer. It also confirms that brand personality, self-image congruence and functional congruence play a significant role in enhancing brand loyalty. The extracted results also present to marketing managers in the mobile telephony sector and in other sectors, precise recommendations for the implementation of sound and successful brand, differentiation and communication strategies.

Introduction and purpose: The serum protein profile is a very important examination for the diagnosis, monitoring, surveillance and evaluation of certain inflammatory, immune and nutritional diseases, but its prescription remains a little limited. According to the recommendations of the good practices in biology, the prescription of this examination must be carried out under precise conditions. In our context, this technique is poorly prescribed by physicians. The objective of this work is to assess the state of the art of internal and residents doctors regarding the serum protein profile. Method: This is a descriptive, quantitative, exploratory and cross-sectional study supported by a 22 questions questionnaire, with closed questions in numbers of 4, 14 multiple-choice questions and 4 closed-ended questions from 59 physicians. This questionnaire evaluates their knowledge and their need for serum protein profile training as well as their expectation of benefits at the biochemistry laboratory. Results of the study: The exploitation of the results showed a lack of formation in protein profile. 96.3% of resident and internal pediatric physicians did not receive training in this area. 37.5% have unsatisfactory theoretical knowledge of the targeted protein profile. 40.7% of responders indicated that satisfaction with the biochemistry laboratory's performance is moderately satisfied concerning the response time. Conclusion: Training in protein profile is considered necessary for the prescribing doctors in order to consolidate their knowledge for a more useful prescription for the purpose of an improved diagnosis.

The population with low income living in Bunia suburbs has various financial needs, while he cannot reach the traditional banks services. But the microfinance institutions have this category of population as recipient. This research aims to assess the formal microfinance institutions expansion in their mission to fight against financial exclusion and poverty near the populations with low income, in Bunia suburbs. A sample survey was led in Bunia periphery. The cluster method is used to constitute a sample of 200 households. The software statistics Excel and R, are used in data processing. The results analysis indicated that the expansion of formal microfinance near the population with low income is low. It means that the category of this population lost interest in microfinances services, because of lack of microfinance institutions lobbying. The institutions of microfinance, in their mission of fighting against financial exclusion and poverty constitute a myth. Based on these results, we are recommended that microfinance institutions provide financial services to low-income people in Bunia city, and that the quest for performance should not overlook the primary objective of microfinance. And that formal microfinance institutions intensify lobbying of the low-income population, so that they can get involved and improve the accessibility of basic financial services.

Muslim immigration is the last wave of migration in Canada. A quarter of a century ago things changed profoundly. Tens of thousands of people from Muslim states have settled in Canada. This Muslim community, most of whom are young, physically immigrated to Canada, but leaving the country of origin the emigrant carries with him all the customs, culture and landmarks that found his convictions and form his personality. In addition, Sharia has entered Canadian administrations and courts, including Quebec. A number of Islamic issues are at the center of discussions in Quebec's Parliament. This has generated, therefore, an inevitable conflict between Quebec and Muslim norms. This conflict profoundly affects the lives of Muslims in their relations with others in Quebec. The profound cultural divergences caused by migratory flows transform into international private law into a conflict of jurisdictions and a conflict of laws. But, this is in no way a conflict of civilization.

In developing countries such as Togo, biomass and fuel wood are essentially utilized by households for cooking, mainly in rural and peri-urban area, whereas charcoal and sometimes butane gas are used in urban area. The present study aims to investigate the energy potential of some biomasses, produced in Togo, as coconut husks, corn cobs and palm kernel shells in order to reduce charcoal utilization by making them as competitive as charcoal. To achieve this aim, raw biomass samples were carbonized and some of the obtained biochar combustion characteristics such as lower calorific value, energy per unit volume associated to bulk density, ash content and ash mineral content were explored. The results showed that palm kernel shells biochar has the highest lower calorific value (25095 kj/kg), followed by corn cobs biochar (24760 kj/kg) when, with 16560 kj/kg, coconuts husks biochar has the lowest lower calorific value. On another note, with the highest bulk density of 0.670 g/cm3 palm kernel shells biochar has the highest energy per unit volume (16813.65 j/cm3), whereas with the lowest bulk density of 0.148 g/cm3, corn cobs biochar had the lowest energy per unit volume. The ash content shows that coconut husks had the highest ash content (15.2 %), followed by corn cobs biochar (10.4 %) and finally palm kernel shells biochar (6.8 %). Among the three biochars, only palm kernel shells biochar ash does not contain chloride and sulfur. In view of these results, palm kernel shells biochar seems to be the best candidate as alternative fuel in replacement of charcoal.

We studied the impact of pesticides use on soils in the high cotton production area of Togo. In this framework, we have determinate traces of these organic compounds in samples of an experimental station soil. Chromatography Analyses have been performed on samples taken between 0 and 20 cm depth. These analyses revealed presence of several organochlorinated pesticides residues at 0.019 up to 5.727 μg.kg-1. Some of these chemicals have higher concentration than standards allowed. We conclude to the contamination of our investigation area soils by organochlorinated pesticides. The comparison of our results with previous work shows a natural and progressive degradation of these pesticides.

Ethnobotanical surveys on three new medicinal plants of Congo were undertaken in suburban localities of Pointe noire and Brazzaville. These are: Anomacanthus congolanus Brummitt (Acanthaceae), Byrsanthus brownii Guill. (Saliacaceae) and Croton dybowskii Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae). For each of them, are noted the used organ, the modes of preparation and administration of medicinal recipes and the treated pathology.

The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of the Katuba district hospital to address felt needs for hospitalization of patients. To do it, information on the activity of hospitalization contained in the registers of patients and the reports of the district medical officer were collected and used to determine indicators related to the hospitalization. The queuing model was used to determine the daily characteristics of the hospitalization. As results, the initial bed occupancy rates in different inpatient services were 162 % in the pediatrics ward, 98 % in the maternity, 97 % in the surgery ward, 43 % in the male internal medicine ward and 43 % in the female internal medicine ward. According to needs of hospitalization, redistribution of beds was proposed and returned the above bed occupancy rates respectively to 94 %, 94 %, 87 %, 91 % and 85 %. The queuing model applied on each inpatient service revealed that the daily average numbers of patients awaiting an available bed are respectively of 9, 11, 4, 8, and 4, with a waiting time respectively estimated at 2,26 ; 2,69 ; 6,1 ; 8,16 and 5,48 days. Definitely, disparities of the initial bed occupancy rates highlight an inefficient distribution of beds between inpatient services, and the fact that patients wait for days before being admitted to hospital indicates that the capacity of the hospital is insufficient and should be improved.

This study highlighted the symbiosis between Anabaena-azollae cyanobacteria and Azolla aquatic fern in the production of Azolla filiculoides and its use as a biofertilizer. His trial of vegetative production using ordinary water + dung, carried out in 14 days of culture, showed a significant amount (6473g). Then, the use of this one as an amendment for the growth of CB-one rice, showed its positive impact on soil fertility thus translating high yields of CB-one rice contrary to the unamended witness. Indeed, with this treatment, the average number of tillers observed after 56 days of culture, was 18.1 ± 4.23 tillers contrary to the NPK (15.83 ± 4.98) and the control (10, 4 ± 3.27). The average number of leaves was significant in Azolla (57.20 ± 13.45), average for the NPK fertilizer (48.86 ± 15.79) and low for the control (34.83 ± 14, 52). In sum, the trays treated with Azolla filiculoides produced many more panicles and grains compared to treatments. As a result, Azolla is likely to restore soil fertility by providing the soil with the nutrients needed for crop productivity.

% of the meteorite finds in the Northwest of Africa (Morocco, Mauritania, Mali, and Algeria) were classified under the appellation "NWA" (Northwest Africa) followed by a number. The "NWA" meteorites include rare types that have outstanding scientific significance. The comparison of the temporal evolution of the numbers of meteorite finds in the Northwest region of Africa shows that the adoption of the acronym "NWA," in 2000, has decreased the classification of samples under the proper names of discovery places. Moreover, this denomination has an adverse impact on the meteorite heritage of the countries previously mentioned. In order to enhance this heritage, we have tried to historicize the 5678 meteorite finds "NWA" that were officially published until January 1, 2015. Thus, in addition to the 1180 official "NWA" meteorites whose source country was approved by the Meteorite Nomenclature Committee, we propose to the Committee the re-assignment of 3240 other meteorites to the four countries. Indeed (92%) comes from Morocco, 79 (2.5%) samples from Algeria, 34 (1.1%) from Mauritania and 12 (0.1%) from Mali. Still 1267 remaining "NWA" meteorites do not have information indicating the source country. This reveals that only 23% of NWA meteorites are undocumented while 77% of samples have information on their recovery place. In addition, the proposed nomenclature of meteorites "NWA," following the new Guidelines for meteorite nomenclature, will certainly value the meteorite heritage of the Northwest African countries.

In this paper, we propose an unsupervised classification scheme based on the Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) and the Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) to characterize vegetated, aquatic and mineral surfaces. From pre-processed ASTER satellite images (georeferencing, geometric correction and 15 m re-sampling), neo-channels were produced by determining the spectral indices NDVI, MNDWI and NDBaI, considered as sources of information for classification of a given pixel. Then, we modeled respectively the formalisms of the DST and the DSmT and we realized the algorithms and related codes that we implemented in the MATLAB environment. Our contribution lies in taking into account the imperfections (inaccuracies and uncertainties) linked to source information through the use of mass functions based on a simple Gaussian distribution support model in order to model each focal element independently of the others and to evaluate the belonging of a pixel to a class with respect to the majority of elements representing said class. The resulting results show that the DST approach is relatively satisfactory for the unsupervised classification of mineral surfaces and aquatic surfaces while it is not satisfactory for vegetated surfaces according to all proposed models. As for the DSmT, it presents satisfactory results for all the models proposed. The model with the exclusion integrity constraint E (Intersection) V (Intersection) M= Phi was selected as the best model because having, in addition to an average rate of well-graded pixels of 93.34%, a compliance rate of 96, 37% with the terrain higher than those of the other models implemented.

In this paper, we propose a new representation of characteristics based on texture and color analysis for rock recognition. The proposed method combines the discriminating colour and texture characteristics of a rock image from a composite LBP descriptor to make automatic, fast and efficient rock identification. Indeed, the colorimetric texture descriptor ALBPCSF (Adjacent Local Binary Pattern based on Color Space Fusion) derives from the concatenation of the LBP texture characteristics and the color characteristics with the fusion of the two (02) colorimetric spaces RGB and HSV. In our methodology we first applied ALBPCSF on images of two (02) different families of rocks that are magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks to produce colorimetric texture images then the K-SVD (K-Singular Value Decomposition) dictionary algorithm with a choice of suitable parameters is applied to said texture images produced to calculate a signature of the rocks from our image base. For dictionary learning the K-SVD method uses Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) as a sparse coefficient coding algorithm. The experimental results of the proposed approach on our image database show that the results of the proposed color LBP are relatively better than those with a grayscale or scalar LBP on the one hand and better than those of the direct K-SVD on the initial images on the other hand. The proposed strategy contributes significantly to improving the performance of automatic rock identification systems.

The study took place in the rural areas of Kasangulu, Kimvula and Madimba (the former district of Lukaya) in order to access the topical organization of rural world, in a country where official data are rather unusual. This study allows to bring out resources and constraints of the studied areas, according to geographical and social point of view, in order to solve the problem of social and economical non integration. The observation method and the system method, using Arc-view and Arc-Gis softwares, have been used for data processing and maps elaboration. The rural areas of Kasangulu, Kimvula and Madimba in the province of Kongo Central have huge natural resources (potential). The climate and the soil accept crops that serve as basic food-stuffs for the population. These resources are undergoing anthropogenic aggression and are therefore in ecological imbalance due to a management that is ancestral rather than ecological: slash-and-burn farming is practiced from one location to another, land tenure empowers nobody as to the maintenance of the productivity of land assets, people tend to work on the steepest slopes, the forest and the savannah are burned every year. Additionally, there is a standing request from Kinshasa, the Capital of Democratic Republic of Congo for energy wood in the form of coal (makala) and firewood (nkuni). All these activities have led to deforestation, soil depletion, reduced agricultural yields, gradual disappearance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and the impoverishment of the indigenous population. The social and economical non integration results from the fact that in production implements, in transportation and hydroelectric infrastructures, there is no sufficient investment in favour of rural populations. Natural resources and agricultural productions are not more sufficient and the evacuation towards big centres of consumption, instead of multiplying the populations wealth of the studied areas, creates a shortage. Decision makers are then invited to play their role to help the rural population develop itself harmoniously by minimizing constraints.

The objective of this study is to determine the physicochemical quality of the groundwater of the pre-rif of Taza region, with emphasis on fluorides. This study integrated a physicochemical characterization of these waters, covering 17 parameters including fluoride ions. The results showed that the waters studied are of very poor quality in 46.6% of the points, with an alkaline character, under oxygen in 40% of the points, and orthophosphate contents outside the recommended norms in 86.6% of the samples. A hyper-fluorinated character was also revealed in 73% of the waters studied (1.52-5.90 mg / L), with certain levels equal to 2 to 4 times the guideline value (<1.5 mg / L). Data processing by the Principal Component Analysis was carried out and the results of this analysis made it possible to highlight certain trends.

The present study focuses on the practice of differentiated pedagogy and has a double objective. It aims on the other hand at determining the parameters or strategies used by teachers in order to put in practice differentiated pedagogy in their classrooms and bringing out specific difficulties in the practice of differentiated pedagogy in Bukavu secondary schools on the other hand. It has been noticed that teachers actually use the differentiated pedagogy because they have perfect knowledge of the parameters to be established. However, some difficulties have been mentioned namely a high number of pupils, pupils’ multiple difficulties, the heaviness of programmes, the lack of teacher’s motivation in the practice and the lack of devices of differentiation.

Objectives: a study on ground both ruderal and representative of the forested savannah completely degraded the city of Lubumbashi on what five varieties of common beans were exploited. Methodology and results: The test has been installed following a complement device randomized with three replicates of five varieties: SER48, BCB 585, SCR14, SER15, and SCR13 .for their assessment against their adaptation to acid soil, the following were observed: days of flowering, days to maturity, vegetative Adaptation, reproductive Adaptation, Infestation of disease, performance and impact to the acidified. The obtained results indicate that there is a difference of effect of adaptation from the varieties as well, so SCR 13, SCR 14, SER 48 and BCB 585 varieties introduced a number high force of adaptation (Group A); and the SER 18 variety has a low number of effect of adaptation (Group B). for the number of pods to reveal a significant difference compared to the varieties; Thus the SER 48 variety has a high number of pods (Group A) however the BCB 585 and SCR 14 varieties give a small number of pods (Group B) and finally the varieties SCR 13 and SCR 15 have given an intermediate number of pods) Group A B) and yields between SCR 13 with 701, 4 kg /Ha and SCR 14 with 575, 8 kg/Ha.

The study was conducted to determine the adequate dose of nitrogen for good production of okra; given that the latter is one of the most consumed fruit in the markets lushois vegetables. Our experience took place in the neighborhood golf plateau in the joint annex to the city of Lubumbashi, in the province of upper Katanga in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The study site was like geographic coordinate: 11.66964 ° of South Latitude, Longitude East 27.41597 and 1245metre of Altitude. As part of this work, a Latin square experimental device has been used. Three doses of nitrogen (urea) (200,250 and 300 kg/ha) were combined with 250 Kg of NPK17-17-17 per hectare brought before sowing in basal. These from the combination of doses of urea of NPK17-17-17 treatments were compared to the witness who received that the ternary compound fertilizers (NPK17-17-17). The results obtained after the observation of all the parameters observed (the rate of survey, the size of the plant to bloom, the number of fruits per plant, the length of the fruit, diameter of the fruits as well as performance) have shown that the contribution additional doses of nitrogen have favored the growth and the development of our culture. For what is the average yield per hectare, the treatments: T1, T2, and T3 gave the respective returns of: 5, 8 t/ha, 8 t/ha and 5, 3 t/ha higher compared to the control with 4, 0 t/ha.

The reform of the Moroccan health system requires the implementation of hospital governance in the management culture in terms of the university hospital centers. This management paradigm aims to adjust and correct the dysfunctions caused by the hospital bureaucracy (organizational dysfunctions and functional dysfunctions). This adaptation is only done by two main actions. Firstly, by a profound recast of the legislation governing the university-hospital centers and secondly by incorporating instruments of modern end efficient governance on the current legislation. In fact, the main objective of this article is to analyze the content of the law 70/13 of the university hospital centers in Morocco, and also to know the efficiency of Moroccan legislator to implement the ingredients of hospital governance in those centers through the example of the Ibn Sina University Hospital centre in Rabat.

Prospecting for groundwater resources is a problem in the Donga Department (North-West Benin) to satisfy people's water needs. Remote sensing remains essential for the mapping of water presence indicators, which are linear structures. The present study proposes to map the major fractures of North-West Benin from Landsat-8 OLI images and to use field data to characterize them. The use of spatio-directionnel filtering methods of Sobel and gradient and the techniques of Selective Principal Components Analysis allowed the creation of the major lineaments map. The validation of these last ones was carried out by several field works (geology, hydrogeology, geomorphology and botany). These data were superimposed in a GIS. After treatment, the obtained card counts 745 major fractures. This approach allowed to discriminate three major types of fractures. Fractures marked by vegetation alignments (type A) are the most abundant and occupy 60% of the area of the Donga Department. Fractures related to geological formations (type B) occupy 20% of the area of the study area and correspond to strike-out and shearing structures. The fractures indicated by the rectilinear cornices of lateritic cuirass (type C) correspond to late faults. The study of the directional distribution of outcrop fractures shows that the major directions are N-S (27%) and NE-SO (24%). This map will serve as a background document for future hydrogeological surveys in the region.

The objective of this research is to study the effect of sputter pressure on thin zinc oxide film deposited by RF magnetron sputtering technique on Si and glass substrates using ZnO disk with 99.99% purity. In order to avoid the effect of the thickness of the layers on the physical properties, we worked on samples of comparable thickness, from 0.8 to 1.1 μm. The deposition is done with heating the substrate at very low temperature, which is currently the most favorable conditions for integration into a MEMS process. X-ray diffraction spectra showed that ZnO thin films are hexagonal wurtzite and exhibited a c-axis orientation of below 0.32° full width at half maximum of X-ray rocking curves. The preferential orientation is along the (002) direction reported for all ZnO samples deposited by sputtering RF magnetron. The general observation indicates that the parameters of the microstructure such as grain size, intrinsic stresses, dislocation density and the full width at half maxima (FWHM) dependent on the sputter pressure of the film. Sample deposited 3.35mTorr gives the best results. In addition, the transmission is more than 90% in the visible region. Ellipsometry data have been fitted with a Cauchy-Urbach model. From this fitting the refraction index (n), extinction coefficient (k) and thickness (d) of the sputtered ZnO films were determined. As a result of the combined spectroscopic ellipsometry, structural properties and transmission analysis, there was a good correlation in comparison. The network analyzer shows losses are -5dB at a k33 = 0.26 experimental.

The copper corrosion inhibition in one molar nitric acid by cefpodoxime drug is studied via mass loss technique at 303-323K and quantum chemistry. The results show that the studied drug is an efficient inhibitor which adsorbs spontaneously on copper through Langmuir model. Thermodynamic adsorption functions and activation ones were determined and analyzed. They indicate a predominant physisorption process and an endothermic dissolution process. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the metal surface. Quantum chemical calculations at B3LYP level with 6-31G (d, p) basis set lead to molecular descriptors such as EHOMO (energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital), ELUMO (energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital), ΔE (energy gap) and μ (dipole moment). The global reactivity descriptors such as χ (electronegativity), ƞ (hardness), S (softness) and ω (electrophilicity index) were derived using Koopman’s theorem and analyzed. The local reactivity parameters including Fukui functions f(r ⃗) and local softness s(r ⃗) were determined and discussed. Theoretical results were found to be consistent with the experimental data.

This article analyzes the modes of local governance of pastoral and agro-pastoral infrastructures in the district of Nikki, N'Dali and Tchaourou in north Benin. Data related to the types of existing infrastructures, the modes of governance applied; the perceptions of the users on the adequacy between these infrastructures and their needs have been collected both in focus group and in individual interviews using interview guides. Principal component analysis; descriptive statistics; speech analysis were used to analyze these data. The results indicate that there are four categories of pastoral and agro-pastoral infrastructure namely hydraulic, driving, market and health infrastructure. Three modes of management coexist in this area: community management, mixed management and private management. Private management was revealed most adequate than the two others by both users and local authorities, but is not applicable to any infrastructure because of the conflicts and restrictions it may cause. Community and mixed management approaches, while considered inefficient, appear more appropriate for livestock markets. Also, it has been found that the management committees set up work poorly. User perception also hinders the functioning of committees and the mobilization of fees. According to these results, it will be necessary to provide the committees statutes and intern regulation rules, to make them aware of their respect, to train members on the rules of local governance in order to guarantee an efficient and sustainable management of the infrastructures.

The study of the evolution of growth rates and that of economic development in an open economy is constantly attracting the interest of researchers and practitioners, as it presents results that differ and diverge. This discrepancy is, somehow, modelled on the adoption and implementation of policies of economic openness abroad, which depend mainly on political will, but also on a set of parameters such as the social structure, the economic situation, as well as the industrial fabric and natural resources. While economic openness is the core of economic strategies for many countries, it remains reluctant in other countries. Morocco, like many developing countries, has established a policy of economic openness, characterized by the promotion of trade, the encouragement of inward and outward foreign investment; and diversity of partners, etc. Nevertheless, the achievements of this openness remain to be evaluated. This work aims to analyze the relation between growth and FDI among the theoretical contributions as well as the empirical works dealing with the impact of the openness to growth via Foreign Direct Investments as a transmission channel to the positive benefits of the openness, on the economic growth in Morocco, , and to assess the impact of this economic openness, on the evolution of economic growth through the FDI channel, using empirical verification with Vector Error Correction Model. the results show a small positive impact of FDI on the economic growth on the long run.

Taro Colocasia esculenta culture is increasingly neglected in Côte d’Ivoire, leading to an erosion of genetic diversity. A survey has been conducted in five regions (Aboisso, Adzopé, Agnibilékro, Daloa and Gagnoa). It aimed to identify the cultivated varieties and to identified taro producers’ conservation, transformation, consumption and commercialization techniques in order to implement a strategy of valorization. The results show that the most cultivated varieties are Dabowara in Aboisso, Achiahou in Adzopé, Bedissou in Agnibilékro, Pôtè in Daloa and Boba in Gagnoa. The majority of respondents in Adzopé, Daloa and Gagnoa have been growing taro for more than 10 years compared to less than 5 years for Agnibilékro. Taro is cultivated mainly for its tuber organoleptic characteristics (84.1% of respondents) in small areas (less than 0.5 ha for 75.5% of respondents). Taro is usually grown flat (94.0% of respondents). The main tuber is the most consumed part of the plant in all the regions (96.0% of respondents). Taro is consumed like foufou, pownding, stew, boiling, braised, frying and mashed. The average storage time of tubers varies according to the regions. It is less than a month in Aboisso and more than a month in Daloa and Gagnoa. Taro trade is mainly practiced by native population. However, it tends to disappear given the low level of production.

This article sheds light on the differential contribution of the fish trade to the development of Éplémlan and Grand-Drewin; two localities of lagoon and maritime fishing. They represent the first edge-field markets in their respective sub-prefectures and economic life is polarized by the fish trade. How does the sale of fish sale mark the space in these villages? It is therefore necessary to analyze the spatial impact of this activity in these rural areas. The study was based on desk research, observation and questionnaire survey. It turns out that the fish trademarks more space in Éplémlan than in Grand-Drewin. This is justified by the strong involvement of the indigenous populations who invest their income in improving their living environment. This is not the case in Grand-Drewin where the activity is under the control of foreign actors whose income is transferred to their countries of origin; hence the precariousness of the living environment.

The systematic inventory of the fish fauna of the Lukunga river and the characterization of the abiotic parameters at the fishing stations were carried out between January and June 2016. Six hundred and twenty-one fish were captured using artisanal techniques and identified belonging to 11 species, 7 kind and 4 families. Tilapia tholloni, Hemichromis elongatus and Hemichromis stellifer were the most represented with proportions of 16.91%, 16.43% and 12.08% respectively of catch. The diversity and regularity indices calculated for the different fishing stations varied between 1.58 and 2.27 for the Shannon and Weaver diversity and between 0.87 and 0.95 for the Piélou equitability.

The study on evaluation of grain corn productivity of CMS 8501 variety was conducted in 04 sites of the North region, notably (Ngong, Touboro, Pitoa, and Béré). The objective of this study was to evaluate the grain corn productivity parameters in order to determine the technical way of production that provides the optimal result of grain corn production. The Fischer block combining 04 treatments with 06 repetitions was used to conduct this experimental field in the different test sites. The Linear Programming (LP) method and the Variance Analysis (ANOVA) were used to analyze obtained results. At 5% degree of significance, data analysis revealed that, the influence of the fertilizer formulation grain corn productivity is function of each locality (soil type) of production. On the other hand, the fertilizer formulation factor alone does not have a great influence on grain corn productivity. The cost-benefit analysis shows that, profit is maximized using the fertilizer formulation B = 12-20-18-5S-1B2O3 because it permits to get the best physical and economic maximum production in the zone of Béré compared to other areas. To validate this result the Linear Programming (LP) gave an optimal profit result of 168 095.65 CFA francs by using formulation B in the zone of Béré, a difference of 7 124.85 CFA francs representing lost gain produce of the corn grain productions in other localities. Our model (LP) recommends to the producers of the Béré localities, the production of corn on an area of 0.25 ha, to be able to optimize a profit of 168 095 CFA francs by combining respectively 3 360 CFA francs for the capital rent of the ground; 29 120 CFA francs for the fertilizers; 2 464 CFA francs for the capital packaging of seeds and herbicides; and above all, a higher intensity (168 man/day) of labor is necessary.

The main objective of this study was to estimate the above-ground biomass in the Miombo forest of the Haut Katanga ecological system in the Democratic Republic of Congo; the case of the “Notre Dame” monastery’s forest of Kiswishi. So, the allometric method was used that consist in the proportionality relation between the relative growth and the mensurations. The evaluated parameters were the terrier area, the above ground biomass according to the Brown’s model (1997) and the estimation of the carbon dioxide emissions for the treeless superficies. On the two selected plots with the medium density of 562 trees per hectare, it was estimated, according to the diameter at the chest height, the above ground biomass of 168.8 metric ton per hectare; the terrier area of 18.86 m2/ha and 618.95 metric ton per hectare of carbon dioxide that would be sent out in the atmosphere if all trees of the ground were cut down and burnt. In conclusion, the Miombo forest of Kiswishi accuse low biomass seeing that it is mainly represented by trees with à diameter at the chest height less than 30 cm.

This study aims at accounting for the impact of metaphonological intervention on the development of phonological awareness and reading skills of invented words as well as texts reading out aloud. It targets novice readers aged 6-7 years; a metaphonological intervention program was conducted targeting an experimental group. Its main focus is to deal with the operations of phonological manipulation. It also lends a heavy focus to students' attention in terms of the phonological properties of linguistic units, discussing with such students the value and usefulness of metaphonological knowledge for the mastery of reading. Phonological awareness and reading tests were measured in 80 children aged 6-7 before and after the intervention program. The results revealed that phonological intervention program improved phonological awareness and reading skills, compared to the control group that received no intervention.

Women are key players in the agricultural sector in most developing countries. However, their roles in different agricultural production systems are often poorly known. The present study, conducted in the Centre of Côte d'Ivoire, aimed to highlight the main activities carried out by women in the management of cocoa-based agroforestry systems. To achieve this aim, interviews were conducted of 268 women involved in the management of cocoa agroforestry systems in six localities. Among them, more than 69 % are producers’ wives. The interviews helped identifying the activities performed by these women in these systems. The results show that women are mainly involved in the maintenance of the plantation (91.4 %) during the first year. They are more active in the creation of nurseries (28 %), in the plantation (37.7 %), in the harvest of cocoa pods (48.9 %), and in the maintenance of the beans (36.4 %). Despite this, it is clear that the majority of activities related to cocoa farming is the responsibility of men. More work with stakeholders (men and women) in all the producing areas will help to better understand the organization of work in cocoa agroforests to provide more information on women’s place in cocoa farming and their influence on the choice of species associated with cocoa trees.

Soil management, such as organic amendments application, may play an important role in the effects of pesticide residues on soil microbial activity. In order to evaluate these effects, a field experiment was set up. Deltamethrin and profenofos were used for treatment and applied at the recommended dose. Manure, urban waste compost and green waste compost were provided at a rate of 20 t / ha. Respiratory activity was measured every hour. After 7 days of incubation, glucose, nitrogen and phosphorus were added. The interaction between organic amendments and pesticides have showed that only treatment with deltamethrin-manure have significantly decreased the basal respiration (RB) with 0.038 mg C-CO2 g-1 soil compared to the pesticide control (0.058 mg C-CO2 g-1 soil). Profenofos- cattle manure and profenofos-compost treatments have significantly inhibited SIR (Substrate Induction Respiration) compared to profenofos-control (0.097). Both deltamethrin and profenofos have significantly increased the lag time and maximal respiration compared to the control (P˂0.05). The organic amendments and pesticides interaction have significantly reduced the lag time (11h), compared to the pesticide control (26h). Cattle manure has reduced microbial catabolism in the presence of deltamethrin, but urban waste compost and green waste compost have stimulated microbial catabolism (BR) and anabolism (SIR).