Background: Antenatal care (ANC) is a key strategy to improve maternal and infant health. However, many pregnant women often do not achieve the recommended number of ANC visits although it recommended pregnant women undergo focussed ANC for up to 8 times in a single pregnancy. The aim of the paper was to assess influence of ANC services on women

Our study makes the biological and chemical characterization of hospital effluents from university clinics gynecology department of Kinshasa before discharge into a river near the hospital for lack of a sewage treatment plant or a: instead of sanitation. We conducted studies during the rainy period early. We obtained a concentration of 3,1x103 to 100ml of bacterial flora. For lack of standards established by the law, we cannot compare this value. However this value is lower than that found in municipal effluent discharges which have a value of 108 to 100 ml bacterial flora. The BOD5 / COD ratio is 0.504 for the studied hospital effluents. Following the dysfunction in the hospital waste material throughout the city of Kinshasa, we propose in this study to treat hospital wastewater prior to discharge into the river nearby university clinics to avoid environmental pollution.

In Sub-saharan Africa, many rural communities live from the exploitation of natural forest resources including non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Arabic gum figures prominently among non-timber forest products that generate significant income for rural households, especially the poor and vulnerable households (agro-pastoralists and pastoralists). Therefore, it is important to evaluate the contribution of arabic gum to food security of rural households. It is in this context that this study is conducted, whose objectives are to: identify the stands demographic structures; characterize the production methods (traditional or modern) of the gum; estimate the quantity of gum production and estimate its contribution in the household income. Dendrometric measures are made in 62 plots on three gum trees stands and semi-structured individual interview was conducted in the three gum production areas of Niger. The results showed that demographic structure of population of A. senegal is stably at Kokoy

This paper tries to investigate the issue of teaching English as a foreign language in the Moroccan context. The writer of this paper claims that the way foreign languages, in general, and English, in particular, are taught in Moroccan high-schools and universities is devoid of any awareness of the social and political loads of the language being taught. For instance, the way English is taught in the Moroccan context does not encourage students to see the social and ideological dimensions of the use of the English language. More specifically, when reading a text, be it a newspaper article, a short story, a poem or a political speech, most students read it passively; they do not question the socio-cultural context and the ideology of the text they read. Students do not analyze the strategies that are used in that text and through which it constructs its premises and conclusions. For this reason, this paper will draw on some quite interesting ideas in Critical Literacy and Critical Discourse Analysis to come up with some useful teaching strategies that could encourage students minimize their passive reading habits and could hone their critical thinking and critical reading skills.

In this work, we report an efficient protocol containing the technique of microwave oven and its comparison with the conventional method (refluxing) for the synthesis of new derivatives pyridazinones namely 4-(p-alkylbenzylidene)pyridazin-3(2H)-ones. These are obtained by condensation of α-arylidene-γ-butyrolactones precursors and hydrazines in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA). The structures of these new compounds were identified by spectral methods (1H, 13C NMR and IR).

In this study characterization of noise reduction in industrial environment was contrasted with noise reduction on roadside. Many study determined noise reduction on highway, but very rare study on industrial environment. The aim of this study is to determine noise reduction of tree belt in an industrial environment at an urban forest of cement factory in Cilacap Indonesia. The study compares five different scenarios of tree height; 6-meter, 10-meter, 15-meter, 20-meter and 30-meter height. To determine the net noise reduction effect termed as relative attenuation, an amplifier was placed 1 meter in front of the trees, and the sound pressure level was placed behind the tree belts at four different distances; 5, 10, 15 and 20 meters. Relative attenuation from tree belts areas subtracted with relative attenuation at equal distances over open ground. Open ground is places without tree belt which taken as control. In this work, the important factors that affect the noise reduction were taken into account, i.e. species, height, a number of trees and distance. From the research, we found that noise due to industrial environment have different characterization with noise on the highway. Therefore further research is needed to determine the design of experiments in an industrial environment to analyse characterization of noise reduction with better accuracy.

The analysis of performances constitutes an important stage of a study of sector. The detection of factual difficulties of sectors of activities is a precondition in the analysis of strategies of adaptation which constitute the reactions of firms to performances. We propose in the present study a methodology combined by two indirect criteria of detection of sectorial difficulties. The first is based on the gap of sector’s growth in comparison with activity as a whole. The second criterion imposes an additional constraint on the sector’s growth by deducting a second gap of performance in comparison with the performance of the GDP in relation to its medium autorealization over long period. The detection of sectors in trouble leads us to estimate the weight in the GDP coming from sectors "in trouble" but also from relatively competitive sectors. Our study applied to the case of Tunisian economy highlights some less competitive sectors than activity as a whole. It emerges from it that about 40 % of the GDP on average over the period 2001-2014 results from sectors judged in trouble. To remain optimistic, we suppose that this rate represents a significant potential of catching up for the economic growth.

Objective: Serological diagnosis of 48 suspected cases of Whooping Cough, received Medical Bacteriology Department at the National Institute of Hygiene in Rabat from four Moroccan provinces. The technique used is the ELISA. Results: From 48 suspected cases of Whooping Cough, 28 cases (58%) were positives, 10 cases (21%) were negatives and 10 cases (21%) were doubtful. Conclusion: Despite the effort of the Ministry of Health for immunization against pertussis immunization coverage which exceeds 90% of children, we see sporadic cases affecting some provinces that may be responsible for death.

Pertussis or whooping cough is a highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract caused by the bacterium albordtella pertussis. It’s a disease that could affects human at all his stages of life and the infection may be repeated several times, but gravity is reflected in babies given the complications that can lead to death. Over the last decades, the disease have increased although vaccines. And because of the decreased immunity against this disease among adults and adolescents, making them vulnerable, they become a source of infection for children who have not yet received the vaccine or have not completed the initial vaccination.

This paper investigates 8 mutual funds’ performance in the WAEMU. The monthly data used cover the period 31 July 2010 to 31 March 2014. We find in this context that mutual funds managers, as a whole, do not have selectivity. Also, most of the managers show a certain ability to time the market.

This article aims to test the impact of the tax system on economic growth in Morocco. Firstly, we analyze the interaction relationship between changes in tax revenues and GDP. Secondly, we test empirically the impact of taxation by an econometric model of economic growth. In the model, two variables are adopted to represent the effect of taxation: Tax-To-GDP Ratio and tax reform effect.

Shrimp fishing is one of the main activities of coastal populations and lagoon areas of Benin. The objective of the study is to identify, through a literature review, information on the socio-economic importance of the prawn industry, the various transformations of brackish water shrimp and die problems in Benin. The study noted that the shrimp industry is one of the main economic activities of the lake populations of Benin. This is an income-generating activity that plays an important socio-economic role for these populations. It is also one of the bases activities of the national economy through exports. The study also showed that two species of continental water shrimp are produced in Benin and undergo two main types of transformations are: smoking for local consumption and sub-regional and industrial processing for export to the European Union. However, this sector is facing many difficulties such as lack of processing plants accredited and well equipped, lack of laboratories of official controls and in particular the hygienic and sanitary quality of the plans waters fisheries. Which contributed to the fall in income of these people engaged in this sector therefore of the State of Benin.

Since a very long time ago, it’s taken for granted that when we talk about the mathematics, we evoke the certainty, precision, accuracy and so forth. Obviousness that has been well proved during a long record of the mathematics, going along with a civilization to another, while developing the culture and the thinking mode of each one of them accordingly. Therefore, the human being is curiously fascinated by the domination, more particularly; the scientists use the mathematics so as to provide an intrinsic description of the universe and why not making the related forecasts. It’s noteworthy that the obtained results from the application of the mathematics in the physical world are wonderful; nonetheless, the mathematics theories are separately developed from the real world. In this paper, we will emphasize on the review of the main station which have been marked through the history of the mathematics, especially the brilliant interventions of the philosopher mathematicians either on philosophical or mathematical fields.

In most developing countries, the tanneries discharge their waste into the sewer systems, which in turn poured into the waters of continental surface, or used for irrigation of the land. The high concentrations of chromium and hydrogen sulphide present in residual waters of the tanneries have a bearing on the quality of the water and may give him unpleasant tastes and odors. The suspended solids such as lime, hairs, the pieces of fat and flesh, etc., disturb surface water and settle to the bottom, which harmfully affect fish. In our study, we used an original method of electrochemical treatment of tannery effluents in order to quantitatively oxidize the trivalent chromium to hexavalent chromium and simultaneously destroy oxidizable organic compounds. After the electrochemical treatment is complete. The hexavalent chromium is recovered by selective extraction and the organic phase obtained brought into contact with formic acid to reduce the hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. The solution obtained can be used as such in chromium plating bath or converted to trivalent chromium derivatives used in the tanning industry.

Children in the Bongo District of the Upper East Region of Ghana go through an annual ritual of devastating rainstorms which creates horrible imprints in their minds. These imprints needs an outlet for freeing them from fear as a result of the exposure to such destructions. Drawing throughout history has proven to be a good tool for healing children who go through such experiences. Therefore it became necessary to use drawing to find out how the children in this area have been affected by the rainstorms and how it can be used to help the children deal with the effects of the devastation. The qualitative study was conducted in Bongo Dua Junior High Schools form 1 and 2. Children were asked to draw their experiences during and after the rainstorms. These drawings were analysed to understand the extent to which they have been affected. The study concluded that Children who suffer rainstorms and floods need to be given a therapy session and a Post-Traumatic Stress counselling to help them cope and allay their fear for rains or storms.

The smock/fugu industry in the Upper east region of Ghana is one that offers employment opportunities to many both educated and non-educated alike. Though successive governments have made several pronouncements to help boost the industry, it is still bedevilled with many challenges. This paper therefore seeks to unveil some of the challenges that this industry face. This survey was conducted in the Bongo District, Bolgatanga Municipal and the Kassena-Nankana Municipal of the Upper East region of Ghana. The survey used questionnaires and interviews to gather data. In all, 90 manufacturers and 75 customers were questioned. The study found out that the smock weaving and sewing industry though employs many equipment challenges. Many manufacturers do not have enough equipment to cover all apprentices. Also when the smock is woven or sewn into smocks, the selling of the products become difficult due to non-availability of markets. The study therefore recommends that the District Assemblies should provide some assistance to the manufacturers’ in the form of markets and a festival to showcase these products.

Edible frogs Hoplobatrachus occipitalis represent an animal protein source for most population of West area of Côte d’Ivoire, whose sanitary quality are understand. The objectives of this study was to determinate the rate of Aeromonas sp. from these frogs and to evaluate in vitro potential virulence of the strains. A total of 300 frog including 210 fresh and 90 smoked from three markets were collected. The analyses of samples consisted to isolation of Aeromonas, the biotypage and the determination of in vitro virulence factors. The results reveal that no smoked frog is contaminated; on other hand, the percentage of contamination of fresh frog is 23.0% with the prevalence of 70.5%. Species Aeromonas hydrophila (76.4 %) and Aeromonas sobria (23.6%) have been exclusively identified. The biotype of Aeromonas hydrophila characterized by no utilization of mannose and citrate was most frequent (41.7%). The determinants of the virulence of strains are the production of hemolysin (70.1%), protease (68.9%), ADNase (97.3%), lipase (41.1%) and amylase (55.4%). The high prevalence of Aeromonas with a potential pathogen from edible frog, represent a risk for consumers and require the measure of assurance for the sanitary safety of products.

At present, although there are several studies and waste management strategies at the international echelon, but there is no consensual method for the characterization of waste. Also at the national level reducing the quantities of final waste with the development of recycling branches and made the valuation and reducing pollution linked to the storage and disposal of waste is a regulatory objective, political, economic and priority order for the preservation of the environment.It remains clear that a single parameter is not enough to characterize and describe such heterogeneous and hazardous waste such as those in our country: with more than 60% organic matter, a high humidity and sometimes containing hospital and / or industrial waste. The different analysis methods followed in this work is devoted to the characterization of Household Garbage and assimilated. The particularity of the sampling approach was highlighted on the landfill site based on plans of town-collect and to provide the maximum information on the Household Waste of Tangier. later laboratory work was carried out.The study of the composition of the waste is an essential step for a sound management for a number of reasons,including the need to estimate the quantity of material produced, identify their generation source to facilitate the design of equipment and treatment processes, defining the physical, chemical and thermal properties of the waste and to ensure compliance with laws and regulations.

In quality management, the external customers satisfaction it’s depended to internal customers satisfaction. The increase of the atypical contracts, related to the development of the strategies of quantitative flexibilization of the hand of work puts the paradox: implication-flexibility. The implication in the work is considered as a ground of studies mattering in the field of human resources management because she allows to understand the link which exists between the individual and his work. The objective of this article of synthesis is to establish a theoretical model concerning the impact of the requirements qualities regarding human resources management on the atypical implication of the employees, and it through a magazine (review) of literature of the standards ISO 9004.

The use of biodegradable food packaging plants could provide an alternative to plastic packaging, particularly for some traditional foods. This work aims to investigate the species of plant leaves used as food packaging in the food crafts in West Africa through their domestication. Data on different species of plant leaves have been collected through a survey among 8 municipalities in Benin using tools and methods based on focus groups. The criteria to select priority species for domestication have been identified from the pair wise comparison of plant species identified in each locality, using standard method. A larval toxicity test was performed on the main species to ensure their safety for domestication. A total of 43 plant species belonging to 29 families have been identified. From them, about 20% was domesticated and 80% were grown naturally. A total of 21.5% of natural species are in the way to be domesticated from which ten (10) have been identified as priority, non-toxic with domestication level varying between 2 (Acceptable level) and 3 (High level). These species include Thalia geniculata, Siphonochilus aethiopicus, Sarcocephalus latifolius, Cyrtosperma senegalense, Daniellia oliveri, Agyrea nervosa (High level of domestication) and Ampelocissus leonensis, Isoberlinia doka, Sterculia tragacantha, Icacina trichantha (Acceptable level of domestication). Due to the benefits that provide these species, particularly their biodegradability, it should be wonderful to develop an intensive policy of domestication for their sustainable use.

This study aimed at verifying the use of university governance at the University College of Applied Sciences in Gaza (UCAS), which had (8000) students and (28) employees during the academic year 2015/2016. This investigation helps UCAS reach a high level of progress, when setting up governance as a top priority and as part of its Quality. To collect the required data, a (30) item questionnaire was distributed and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The results showed that the decision makers at UCAS rely on values and attitudes more than requirements and standards of governance. They also revealed that despite the existence of a bylaw to control the rules at UCAS, individual management character dominates more than the use of governance, at the student and staff levels. The results also revealed that most of the staff members at UCAS do not refer to the bylaw or are not aware of what it includes due to some of its unclear items. The researchers concluded that the poorness of financial resources has a significant impact on the inability to enforce rules and regulations. Finally, governance at UCAS is not at the required level, according to the international standards of governance. The study recommended the need to apply the standards and requirements of governance at all levels.

Better management of a protected area in the context of human pressures through its improved knowledge and the latter in particular through regular evaluation of its spatial dynamics. The purpose of this study is to quantify and analyze the spatial dynamics of the hunting area and Bombo Lumene reserve between 2000 and 2015 to assess the trend during this period. The methodology consists of using two Landsat ETM + scenes (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) of 03.03.2000 and OLI (Operational Land Imager OLI) of 04.06.2015, which were classified by object-oriented approach after ortho rectification. The results of the study provide information that the site is threatened by human impacts with an increase of 20,083 ha of anthropized area (5.7%); grassland lost 8,124 ha of its area (2.3%); bushland lost 29,543 hectares of its area (8.4%). The forest has meanwhile gained 1,545 ha (0.3%), while woodland won 11,635 ha (3.3%).

The present survey consisted in a first time, to make a biological assessment carrying on the potential antibacterial and analgesic activities of ethanolic decoctions from Schrankia leptocarpa, the whole plant (P) and its different organs: stem (T), roots (R), leaves (F), fruit, as well as stem-roots (TR), roots-leaves (RF), leaves-stem (FT) combinations. It revealed that all excerpts sign a bactericidal activity against 3 strains of Streptococcus mutans, with a MIC ranging from 6.25 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL. However, only the excerpt R exhibits a good analgesic activity. In the second time, a phytochemical screening of the excerpt R has been achieved on the basis of bio-guided tests, after which, the presence of various secondary metabolites (free quinones, saponosides, polyphenols, coumarins, flavonoids, gallic tannins, alkaloids) has been put in evidence.

Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) delivered a digital terrain model of a better spatial resolution and accuracy than the traditional free global DEM datasets at near-global coverage and made a wide range of detailed hydrologic applications feasible. In this study, the ASTER data is compared with the digitalized topographic contour DEM in hydrological analysis over the Loukkos catchment in Larache province, Morocco. Extracted stream network and flow directions were compared with the ones derived from the digitalized topographic maps. The result shows, for the stream network, more similarity in average altitude and large differences in lowlands as well as high elevations. For flow directions, the results are almost identical.

This study aimed at measuring the quality of the educational services that students of the Department of Administrative and Financial Sciences received at the University College of Applied Sciences. It is worth mentioning that the study sample is (215 students), and the researcher used (SERVQUAL) for this purpose. The study results concluded that there is a negative gap between the recognition and the expectation of the overall parameters measured by the model, as the study showed that the administration was able to achieve the equivalent of (93.4%) of the students' expectations, and this refers to the level of quality. It is also worth mentioning that the results of each determiner were different, as a negative gap appeared in some of them and positive in others. Also, the results found out that the quality for the male students was better than the quality for the female ones, as well as the quality from the perspective of the students in the accounting section was better compared to the perspective of their counter peers in the management and offices automation sections. Finally, the study recommended working to improve the perception of the students by providing better services; than they are. It also recommended giving more attention to the students of the management and offices automation – secretaries.

In the present investigation, azo compounds were synthesized in good yields via the diazotization of different aromatic amines followed by coupling with indole. The synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral techniques and have been tested in vitro against a number of microorganisms in order to assess their antimicrobial properties using disk diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) by the broth micro dilution technique. Their anticancer activity against human breast cancer cell line (MCF7) was determined by MTT assay. All exhibit comparable biological activity.

While practicing the many daily activities, man always seeks the different means of comfort and luxury. Interior design is an effective tool to provide such comfort and luxury as it is used by any designer to create his vision in order to satisfy space users and their needs when practicing their indoors daily activities. The designer uses interior designs to create designs that go beyond just providing comfort and luxury, and to affect space users and their behavior negatively or positively. Furthermore, the continuous technological advancement and all the means of luxury, which vary from elements of the interior design, accessories, furniture, air, lighting, and sound volume, they all affects one's behavior inside any space. The problem of research is that there are many elements which negatively affect one's behavior within interior spaces such as: the different types of materials, the various means of technology nowadays, and providing different alternatives and means of attracting customers. Thus, the designer has to be aware of the indicators of the design lines and the used shapes, and their affinity with each other and their effect upon the space user and his/her indoors daily activities. So how do designs and the different means of technology contribute to change one's behavior? What are the followed procedures in creating a specific design which helps to change the user's behavior? How does the mind comprehend the elements of design and its effect upon behavior? What are the techniques of behavior altering? This research aims at identifying the techniques of behavior altering by using interior design, all while specifying the solutions related to design, which positively affects human behavior. Also, this research aims at identifying how the designer chooses the designing lines, which appeals to the space user, through analytical studies and survey.

Damietta city is considered the furniture industry hub in Egypt as it contains 36% of Egyptian furniture establishments and 38% of highly skilled and relatively cheap furniture labor in addition to low shipping costs to foreign market, especially Europe, given the privileged geographical location of Damietta Seaport which is close to import markets of industry inputs and export markets. All of these privileges add value to the Damietta-manufactured products in foreign markets. However, furniture quality, suitability for intended uses and meeting customers' expectations are the main requirements of these markets. The furniture industry in Damietta is facing many quality problems; some foreign customers complain about non-compliance with the required specifications and rapid deterioration of the products believing that they were deliberately sold defective products. These quality problems cause damage to the reputation of the Egyptian furniture industry in global markets and subsequently a decline in exports. Here lies the main problem of this research, which is the lack of a study that identifies obstacles to quality in Damietta-manufactured furniture in order to realize all pillars of the export equation. Is the concept of furniture quality clear for all furniture labor? Is there a failure in training and raising the awareness of the workers about the culture and concept on total quality in the furniture industry? And what are the obstacles to furniture quality in the Governorate of Damietta? Could there be cooperation between the institutions and bodies concerned with the quality of inputs and outputs of the furniture industry in order to ensure full compliance by Egyptian furniture manufacturers with local and international furniture quality standards? The furniture industry in Damietta is in need of governmental support, directions from control bodies, and greater cooperation between stakeholders in the public and private sectors to overcome current hurdles to growth. Therefore, this study aims to identify and determine impediments to the realization of furniture quality through all production stages from designing to packaging and shipping in order to identify and address areas of deficiency through surveys, data and field visits to a number of furniture factories and workshops in the Governorate of Damietta.

This work presents results of analysis of 3rd order sedimentary Megasequence of Cenomanian- Lower Senonian in two wells in Môyo block located on Abidjan margin in Côte d'Ivoire. It is based on the logging and sedimentological data supported by few biostratigraphic data. This analysis helped to discriminate systems tracts of lowstand systems tracts, Transgressive systems tracts and Highstand systems tracts in the depositional megasequence. The lithology of this Megasequence consists of interbedded sandstone and sand within clay formation. Lowstand Systems Tracts are rich in sand and sandstone and accumulated in an environment extending from coast to mid-continental shelf.

The caterpillar of Cirina butyrospermi represents a food source in southwestern of Burkina Faso. The proximate composition, minerals, amino acids and fatty acids of this insect were investigated. The results showed that Cirina butyrospermi caterpillars contained high protein (62.74%) and moderated lipid (14.34%) contents. The low percentages of ash and chitin (around 5%) were observed for this caterpillar. Minerals were mainly represented by potassium (1160 mg/100g), and iron (12.97 mg/100g) was the predominant trace element. 47.64% of the total amino acids in C. butyrospermi were essential amino acids. Linolenic acid (35.82%) and stearic acid (35.40%) were the most abundant fatty acids. Based in nutritional value, the caterpillar of Cirina butyrospermi is a potential source of protein, fat and minerals for human and animal feeding.