The objective of this study is to measure the state of health of the population of Morocco regarding carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning based on the evolution over time and space of health indicators. A retrospective analytical study of health indicators related to carbon monoxide poisoning, i.e. incidence, mortality, and lethality at the regional and national population level during the period 1999 to 2013. The evolution over time of the incidence shows continuous growth at the national level. The highest average is thus observed in the region of Meknes-Tafilalt (0.112 per 1000 inhabitants). Regarding mortality indicators, the evolutionary study reveals overall continuous growth over time at the national level. At the regional level, we note annual fluctuations in rates in virtually all regions and case fatalities record the highest averages in the regions of Fez-Boulmane, Gharb-Chrarda-Beni Hssen, Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer, Doukkala-Abda, and Souss-Massa-Draa. The study highlights, on the one hand, that CO poisoning in Morocco is mainly influenced by weather conditions. Indeed, regions characterized by autumn and especially cold winter temperatures record the highest incidences. On the other hand, the fatal risk in the event of poisoning does not depend on the incidence at the level of regional populations, and the chronological evolution of mortality and case fatality rates at the national level is rather dependent on the unforeseeable accidental nature of the occurrence of deaths.

This study concerns the phytotoxicity test of a compost prepared with calcined Tahoua phosphate in order to increase its solubility. To do this, a test was carried out on two crops: corn and peanuts. For each crop, four treatments were carried out: control To made up of sand, T1 containing 1/4 compost and 3/4 sand, T2 made up of 3/4 compost and 1/4 sand, T3 made up of compost alone. The experiment was carried out in pots arranged in blocks with three repetitions. After 10 days of incubation, the maturity of the compost was evaluated according to the percentage of germination of the treatments compared to the control. The results made it possible to obtain a germination rate of 100% with maize and 122% with peanut for the T1 treatment. For the T2 treatment, the germination rate is 100% with maize and 88.89% with peanuts. As for the T3 treatment, the germination rate is 111% for maize and only 22.22% with peanuts. These results show that the calcination of merchant phosphate from Tahoua does not lead to the formation of phytotoxic products for plants.

The study concerns the adverse effects of climate change on peri-urban agriculture in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The overall objective of this research is to contribute to a better understanding of the endogenous strategies put in place by market gardeners to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. To this end, a questionnaire survey was carried out on a sample of 100 randomly selected market gardeners in the Funa valley, on the outskirts of the Monastery of the Our Lady of the Assumption. This was complemented by field observations. Meteorological data covering a period of 30 years (1990-2020) made it possible to assess the evolution of precipitation and temperature. The results indicate that the respondents are informed about climate change and perceive its effects through the increase in temperature (93%) and rainfall (86%). Market gardeners reported that climate change induces water stress, stunting and low crop germination rate. The intensification of the use of fertilizers, the gradual abandonment of the empirical agricultural calendar, the supply of water for the fight against drought and the construction of dykes and drainage canals are the adaptation strategies developed by market gardeners in order to limit the harmful consequences of climate change on agricultural production.

Although officially created, the protected reserve of Ngiri remains virtual, existing only on paper, many reasons can explain this hypothesis: - The insufficient national regulations, at least at the time of the establishment of this protected reserve, which had the effect of not having any application at the local level. - Conflicts of administrative and community interest arising from the overlapping of different laws or measures. - The authorities’ lack of interest in safeguarding biodiversity or the priorities given to other aspects of environmental management (development of fishing). - The local situation too complicated due to various conflicts between fishermen and eco-guards. - The lack of qualified personnel, of means, in particular financial resources, to implement measures for the sustainable management of the reserve. - The lack of skills in assessing the state of the environment and planning management. - The poor definition of the limits of the protected reserve, thus reducing its interest for the fauna and flora. - The very significant human pressure on the outskirts and the lack of ecological corridors to connect the reserve. - The lack of economic valuation of the said reserve.

The commune of Lemba was formerly called commune of the evolved because inhabited by cadres who formed a class of intellectuals and civil servants. It was furnished with houses of the ONL type or stylish houses, roads, equipment, infrastructure... in planned neighborhoods (marked nowadays by self-production and self-construction). Today, where infrastructures exist, they are poorly maintained, poorly sized by the rapidly growing population with intermunicipal mobility difficult to control. Nowadays, urban planning standards of constructability, principles of habitability in plots, principles of hygiene and environmental protection, principles of migration and rural exodus, etc. that allowed positive models to live in neighborhoods, are no longer known and respected by populations. This is what has irreversibly tipped towards negative models of living in all plots of the commune of Lemba in particular, and the city of Kinshasa in general. Populations are increasing without taking into account any communal or urban restrictions relating to inter-municipal mobility, rural exodus and natural increase. These increases create housing needs that impose an anarchic pace of house construction that characterizes the compactness of all living environments that have already reached their limits in plot spaces, living environment. The compactness in progress throughout the municipality is irreversible, it is at the root of multiple vulnerabilities (social, physical, and environmental) that do not allow the inhabitants to benefit from the ecosystem services generated by the various municipal resources (parcel spaces, urban trees, rivers, communal soils...) in «suffering» and losing speed.

At its origins, the commune of Lemba was made up of the planned. Free and intertitial spaces were planned for the future development of the town (respect for easements of watercourses and traffic lanes, protection of reserved green spaces, municipal wasteland, land for the construction of housing, etc). Since independence, the city of Kinshasa has not been governed by any sanitation plan. It was a time marked by the absence of regulations relating to land use (constructability standards, town planning standards, envirronmental protection standards, housing standards, etc.) This is what justified self-construction in all municipalities. The occupation of non aedificandi areas has sometimes been carried out with the complicity of local, urban, political and customary authorities throughout the city of Kinshasa. The occupation of spaces by the inhabitants has taken place without taking into account urban planning standards for construction, environmental protection and housing. This engendered negative inhabiting patterns of building, inhabitingand living. The models of living determine today, in the minicipality, the compacteness which translates in its own way the negative morphological and functional diversities in all the districts. They characterize most of the plots which have more parcel space and effective means of Kinshasa to menage rainwater, which has made all closed living environments characterized by difficult accessibility conditions, with the absence of termsanitation fears.

In the Democratic Republic of Congo, lake ecosystems, absolutely necessary sources, in particular for the production of fishery resources, are today threatened by both artisanal and industrial overexploitation. This overexploitation is a serious threat to the ecological balance, environmental protection and maintenance of the biodiversity of these aquatic ecosystems. This study, which falls within the framework of nature conservation and environmental education, seeks to understand in a multidimensional vision how the young students of the Higher Pedagogical Institute of Inongo identify, analyze and measure the importance of these ecological problems that cause the degradation of the environmental health of Lake Mai-Ndombe. The results of this study will be able to guide the national authorities in their decision to integrate the course of ecology into the undergraduate program at the University. Because the quality of the environmental governance of Lake Mai-Ndombe in the future depends on it.

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) ranks allergies as the fourth most common chronic disease. Food allergie, defined as adverse immune reactions to food proteins, is an important public health problem that affects adults and children and may be increasing in prevalence. The aim of our study is to present the biological profile of children consulting for food allergy problems. Materials and methods: Retrospective descriptive study, spread over a period of 29 months. Concerning 177 children consulting for type I hypersensitivity problems at the CHU Ibn Rochd. Results: 109 children (61.5%) had sensitization to at least one trophallergen. It was more frequent in boys than in girls (54% vs 46%) without statistically significant difference (p= 0.27). The most frequent food allergens in our series were: sesame 21.47%, cow’s milk 20.90%, egg white 19.21%, crab 18.08%, beef 16.38%, casein 12.43%. Total IgE was ordered for 46 patients with a median of 202.3 KU, L. 30 (65%) children had elevated total IgE and 16 (35%) children had normal total IgE, with an increase in median total IgE concentration with the number of specific IgE to which a child is sensitized. Conclusion: Our study showed a high prevalence of sensitization to food allergens in children. Larger and more in-depth studies are needed to better understand the risk factors and mechanisms underlying food allergy in children in order to develop more effective and personalized prevention and treatment strategies.

Factor V deficiency by acquisition of an inhibitor is a rare pathology whose cause is often idiopathic. The clinical phenotype can range from asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities to life-threatening bleeds. We report a case of acquired factor V deficiency diagnosed in our laboratory, which illustrates the diagnostic procedure and the etiological circumstances. Acquired factor V inhibitors develop in extremely rare cases via the development of alloantibodies or autoantibodies against factor V. Several diseases or conditions are associated with factor V inhibitors. In this observation, the predisposing factor was the autoimmune context; our patient has ulcerative colitis. The biological diagnosis of factor V inhibitors (aFVi) remains a challenge, which every biologist must think about when faced with an isolated FV deficiency not explained by hepatic involvement. It is a rare pathology but its occurrence is worrying for both the biologist and the clinician because of the absence of a validated therapeutic strategy.

Work-life balance and work motivation are very important concepts in human resource management. Thus, the purpose of this research is to verify the relationship between work-life balance and workers’ motivation. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted among 60 civil servants of a ministry in Lomé. The results obtained validate the hypotheses according to which the organization of working time improves motivation. Also, the tensions between roles positively influence the motivation of workers. In light of these results, it is suggested that public authorities conduct awareness sessions on the respect of all working hours set by the law in force in the Togolese civil service. This could allow civil servants to better reconcile their two spheres of life.

In Congo-Kinshasa, the relationships between decentralized territorial entities (ETD) with the State and the province are mainly settled by organic law n ° 08/016 of October 07, 2008. However, concerning the supervision on the acts of these entities Territorial, there is a paradox between the provisions of articles 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 and 103, and the facts on the ground. A centralizing logic is observed in the management of the municipalities of the city of Kinshasa, instead of an accompanying logic, as recommended by the legislator. This is why, this reflection engages, first, to retrace the general physiognomy of ETD under organic law n ° 08/016; Then, apprehends the actual content of control over the acts of ETDs and, finally, the critic through a few cases.

By observing and evaluating the various parliamentary controls undertaken by the National Assembly, the Congolese become pessimistic and no longer believe in the effectiveness of this institution, especially, following the issues of all sides that torpedo this exercise. This is why this reflection highlights the majority-opposition tandem, the politics of the stomach and provincial solidarity as bottlenecks in the process of parliamentary control.

The objective of this research is to understand the role of perceived organizational justice on the credibility of electronic word of mouth in brand communities. Based on a theoretical model built from the literature on the concepts of electronic word of mouth, organizational justice, and engagement in branded virtual communities, this research mobilizes a hypothetico-deductive empirical approach and structural equation methodology to evaluate the role of electronic word of mouth on consumer engagement, under the moderating influence of organizational justice. The results indicate positive effects of electronic word of mouth content and quality, and no effect of quantitative word of mouth. Furthermore, the moderating effect of perceived organizational justice on the influence of word of mouth is established. Therefore, it is recommended that managers of branded virtual communities take into consideration the credibility of the brand in its social engagements in order to benefit from a positive electronic word of mouth that can foster consumers’ online engagement.

Abstract: In this paper, we first describe the general principle of dynamic modelling, the effectiveness of which in analyzing the traffic of multiservice networks is one of the main objects of this study. By showing how this technique can be applied to obtain the elementary Markovian system: of the queue M/M/1/∞; we partly answer the big problem on the management of the QoS in the case of an isolated node then of a network. We then focus on the principles of traffic control of multiservice networks, drawing inspiration from existing work in the literature and from policies for managing congestion phenomena defined in recommendations I.371 of the ITU-T and ATM-Forum UNI specification V3.1. As a possible solution to this problem, we have evoked the hypothesis of the reaction to congestion by dynamic traffic compression, in the event of the appearance of a phenomenon of congestion exceeding any prediction. The progress of this hypothesis will have the merit of resurfacing and increasing the interest of resorting to compression as a solution to the problem of congestion, in particular for wireless networks; since radio resources are scarce and shared.

Abstract: This work focuses on the design and implementation of a computer system capable of tracking the position of a vehicle in real time and recording its different positions during a journey. Thanks to such a system, the owner of the vehicle will be kept informed of the various past locations of his vehicle but also of other additional information which will be provided to him by the system, for example the total distance traveled by the vehicle, etc. To succeed in designing such a system, we used two technologies: GPS and GSM (GPRS). GPS is a technology that, thanks to a constellation of satellites orbiting the earth, allows us to obtain the geographical location of a place (or geographical coordinates including latitude, longitude and altitude). GSM, on the other hand, refers to the cellular network which serves as a transmission medium for conveying the geographical coordinates freshly collected. Concretely, the vehicle will be equipped with an embedded system consisting of an Arduino card, a GPS chip and a GSM/GPRS expansion card. This on-board system will send the geographical coordinates to a computer server in which is installed a database intended to store this data. Thanks to a web application linked to this database, the owner will be able to track his vehicle.

Introduction: POEMS syndrome consisting of polyneuropathy (P), organomegaly (O), endocrinopathy (E), monoclonal gammopathy (M) and skin changes (S), is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome resulting from an underlying plasma cell disorder. The multi-organ involvement associated with this syndrome extends beyond those listed in the acronym, such as extravascular volume overload (pleural effusion, ascites, oedema), sclerotic bone lesions, papilledema and thrombocytosis, and not all of the features listed in the acronym are required for diagnosis. Observation: we report a rare case of POEMS syndrome in an 83-year-old man with bilateral pleural effusions, initially attributed to pleural tuberculosis given the endemic context. Conclusion: the pleural involvement in patients with POEMS in our endemic tuberculosis context makes diagnosis difficult, delaying treatment. However, a good history and physical examination followed by appropriate investigations can differentiate this syndrome from other diseases.

With a view to economic growth that generates social well-being with an accessible, efficient and quality public service, the Ivorian government has adopted the State of Côte d’Ivoire has developed the Government’s Social Program 2019-2020 (PSGov 2019-2020). In its strategic axis 5 of this program aims to create the conditions for improving the well-being of populations in rural areas and to ensure food security. How to achieve this in the agricultural sector marked by the persistence of gender inequalities? The article proposes a systematic integration of gender in the agricultural sector in rural areas. The main objective of this study is to show the interest of taking gender into account in agricultural development projects in order to allow everyone, men and women, to enjoy the fruits of their labors in a fair and equitable manner. The hypothesis of this study is: the development of the rural world is ensured when inequalities between men and women are reduced considerably in the rural agricultural sector. As a methodology, the Gender approach, the product of a comparative analysis of the situation between men and women through a quantitative and qualitative method enhanced by documentary research, we identify the different characteristic elements of inequality gender in the agricultural sector in rural areas.

Despite the implementation of various info-communication interventions aimed at protecting the Ivorian population against drug use, Côte d’Ivoire has gone from being a country of transit and trafficking to one of high drug consumption. This consumption concerns mainly young people living in urban areas (AIP, 20 August 2018). The present study, conducted through mixed methods and based on the theory of information processing and the socio-ecological model, makes it possible to identify the factors that explain this high level of drug consumption by young people living in urban areas, in spite of these preventive communication actions. It emerges that young urban dwellers have very little exposure to the awareness-raising activities undertaken by formal drug prevention structures. This is due to the fact that the communication channels and media most used by the majority of these young people, especially those who do not use drugs, are generally ignored by these structures during their info-communication activities. Furthermore, the biological parents of young non-drug users and drug users present in the smoking rooms, who are the primary social actors capable of positively influencing their attitudes and practices, are also ignored or inadequately integrated into awareness-raising activities against drug use. The study therefore recommends prioritising ICTs and television on the one hand, and the biological parents of these young people on the other, as the main info-communication media and actors in awareness-raising and anti-drug education activities targeting them.

Complement is part of the host’s natural defense mechanisms against pathogens. Its exploration is based in first intention on a quantitative evaluation of the C3 and C4 fractions by automated and standardized immunoassay techniques. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) separates proteins into 6 fractions. The beta-2 globulin fraction contains complement C3-C4, the amplitude of which allows their quantification. In this context, we carried out a comparative study between the two assay techniques. We included all patients who had simultaneously received a weight determination of the C3 and C4 fractions by turbidimetry on a SPA Plus® automaton and an SPEP on a Capillarys Sebia® automaton over a period of one year. Our study demonstrated a positive correlation between these two methods with Pearson r=0.801, P-value<0.001. Studies have reported that SPEP can be used for the detection of hypocomplementemia by a decrease in the fraction of beta-2 globulins. In capillary electrophoresis (Capillarys Sebia®), beta-2 globulins contain almost exclusively complement. To date, our study is the first to seek the correlation between two electrophoretic and turbidimetric methods for the quantification of complement.

Approaches in achieving and implementing a shared vision for adult education concepts applicable to Sub Saharan African contexts are almost nonexistent when it concerns strategies conceived within the global context. This situation has limited the understanding of complex efforts on building sustainable development oriented educational mechanisms that lead to more effective and adequate context-based results in African states south of the Sahara. This study emphasizes on the point that, in an era of increasing globalization, a comprehensive inclusive global economic society would have significant potentials to contribute to achieving universal collective development goals, if inadequacies in developing nations’ organizational and technological knowhow are adjusted to create avenues for participating in decision making processes. This will ensure that meaningful and context bound economic values are sustained within the global economy context that integrates cultural diversity in adult education and development strategies. By applying a cross cultural development analysis frame, the paper is contributing to a better understanding of the fundamental changes in the nature and goals of Sub-Saharan transformative learning model which seeks to reduce a dominant conceptual paradigm that annihilates African cultural values and principles as fundamental parameters on which Adult Education and community development principles should be conceived and executed. This study thus explores the sub-Saharan African context of adult education, its basis as an oral community, analyzes paradigms that unravel its sociocultural specificities, and assert the need for an African context oriented adult education scheme that underpins the socio-cultural dimension of transformative learning as basics for an integrated participatory meaningful Adult Education program for African states south of the Sahara.

Language dynamics and structured community setup communication requires a close examination of how agreement and directionality of possessives are construed in main stream pragmatics. This paper investigates the types and distribution of possession markers in Metaꞌ, - a Grass-fields Bantu language of the Momo subgroup community in the North-West Region of Cameroon. It examines the nature of the Metaꞌ possessives or possession markers in general, with particular attention on its possessive determiners as portraying some complexity in structure and distribution. This situation leads us to question whether possessives in Metaꞌ are pre-modifiers or post modifiers to nouns and to further examine what accounts for the different positions occupied by possession markers in this language. The study further argues that the post-nominal position of possessive determiners is as a result of focus on the head noun and asserts that, the co-occurrence of two possessive determiners in Meta’ is as a result of emphases or the fact that they do not modify the same noun.

The electrical current signal can be seen as a useful signal, disturbed by a mechanical noise signal or other measurement noises. In this case, noise reduction methods such as the Wiener filter can provide solutions to detect mechanical defects. It will be assumed that the electrical signals are decorated with the rotation of the rotor and therefore of any mechanical event related to the rotation. This can be verified in the case of an asynchronous machine. This property is important for estimating the Wiener filter whose basic assumption is that the useful signal must be decorated with noise.

The analysis of vibrations generated during conventional turning is one of the reliable means of determining the condition of sensitive components. In this paper, it is clearly presented the necessary steps to extract the indicators in order to be able to detect tool wear during the main three phases of use (running-in, stabilized wear, accelerated wear). It is clearly demonstrated that there is a relationship between the evolution of wear and the measured quantities (vibrations) during machining. To achieve this, we have carried out several measurement campaigns using metal carbide plate tools. Thus, the vibrations generated during the machining operations were recorded along a single axis on the machine tool using a single axial accelerometer positioned on the turret in the vertical direction, perpendicular to the cutting force. The processing of these signals in both the time and frequency domain has proven that vibrations can indeed be used to detect the level of wear.

Objectives: To identify and assess the risks in the production unit of a peanut oil extraction plant in Senegal. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from May 30 to June 31, 2022 in the production unit of a peanut oil extraction plant in Ziguinchor. A multi-pronged questionnaire (socio-professional aspects, risk identification) and direct observation of work situations enabled the data to be collected. The level of risk for each of the identified risks was obtained by cross-referencing the rating of the criticality of the risk factor with the rating of the existence and effectiveness of the available means of prevention in order to establish a hierarchy of the identified hazards. Results: Our study population (n = 69) was exclusively male, with an average age of 46.4 +/- 9.5 years, and 5.48 +/- 2.7 years. Individuals aged 56 to 60 were most represented (24.6%). The majority of workers were seasonal (88%). Workers were subjected to high and permanent noise levels, and the moving and hazardous parts of the machinery put 62.32% of the personnel at risk of injury and amputation. Dust cover was 30.43% of the workers and the risk of explosion fire was present. Shift work accounted for 85.5% of workers. Noise, hexane vapours and moving and hazardous parts of the machines had the highest ratings in the risk hierarchy. Conclusion: The peanut oil extraction sector faces many risk factors. Beyond primary prevention, stronger occupational health and safety policies must be promoted.

Introduction: our study describes the state of knowledge of the risks associated with pregnancy and analyzes the factors that influence the use of ANC services by women aged 15 to 49 living in the former province of Katanga. Methodology: the study is descriptive and analytical. The data analyzed were collected by the survey conducted in 2014 by the PARSS II / RDC project. We used SPSS.20 software for data processing. Results: 86.8% of women who gave birth in the last 12 months declared having followed ANC. More than 90% of them had consulted nurses or midwives; over 49% believe that consultation costs are either relatively expensive or very expensive. More than 30% of women say they were not educated on danger signs during ANC. Knowledge of the danger of pregnancy; pregnancies too close together and the cost of consultations are significant factors in the decision to use antenatal consultation services. Conclusion: the low proportion of women who know the signs of risk during pregnancy, the low proportion of those who have received information on these signs and the high cost of ANC advocate for the strengthening of health education in rural areas, the training and motivation of health personnel working in rural areas and the assumption by the community of the costs of ANC.

This reflection focuses on the spatial and socio-economic factors that hinder the development of domestic air transport in Côte d’Ivoire. This research is carried out in a context where Ivorian authorities, after independence, undertook significant actions to promote the growth of domestic air transport in Côte d’Ivoire. These actions included the establishment of an institutional and regulatory framework, as well as the creation of an airline fleet, including Air Ivoire, for the service of the territory and the establishment of airports throughout the country. However, despite all these actions, the current situation shows that, more than half a century later, domestic air transport represents less than 10% of travel in Côte d’Ivoire. This study aims to analyze the spatial constraints to the development of domestic air transport in Côte d’Ivoire. The data used to achieve this objective come from documentary research, field observation, and surveys of domestic air transport stakeholders in Côte d’Ivoire. At the end of these investigations, the study reveals that the regression in the number of airports, the narrowness of the Ivorian territory, and the spatial disparities caused by the macrocephaly of the city of Abidjan are the spatial factors that hinder the development of domestic air transport.

This research aims to analyze and characterize the governance of public administrations in the field of performance management following recent reforms in this area in France between the years 2000 and 2018. To do this, and initially, a review of the theoretical literature of the different models that deal with this problem is proposed. In a second step, all the indicators selected will be the subject of an empirical study based on the econometrics of panel data in order to understand the response of the public administration to the reforms. The results of our research demonstrate the existence of a significant evolution of public administration towards results-based management. The performance indicators used largely explain the transformations observed.

Corporate Social Responsibility is now a major challenge for the development and growth of companies. Environmental, social, societal and governance considerations have becomeparamount and therefore constitute sources of competitive advantage and value creation. This present work focuses on the impact of CSR on the overall performance of the company through the analysis of financial and extra-financial information by highlighting statistical techniques and data analysis. Thus, this research aims to explain, theoretically and empirically, the question of creation or destruction of value following the implementation of a CSR approach and to identify the sources of the changes observed. Our study provides major support to defenders of the implementation of suchapproach. Thus, our results affirm that the companies which achieve a significant CSR performance are mainly large companies, belonging to certain very specific sectors. Also, we find that the indicators relating to CSR are positively and significantly associated with the financial performance of companies. In other words, the commitment to a CSR approach improves the financial performance of the company as well as its overall performance.

To ensure the sustainability and productivity of the cocoa crop, replanting on non-forested sites such as old orchards or young fallow lands raises the problem of the survival and establishment of seedlings, due to the low fertility of the soil, particularly in phosphorus. Thus, in order to minimize mortality and improve juvenile growth and flowering precocity of cocoa trees, organic, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers were applied to a fallow land with low phosphate fertility, in Soubré, in the southwest of Ivory Coast. The experimental design was a partially balanced incomplete block design with 12 treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of two fertilizer applications per year for each plant: compost (T1); phospho-compost (T2); TSP + compost (T3 and T4); NPK based on natural phosphates (T7, T8 and T9), combined with compost (T5 and T6) or phospho-compost (T10 and T11) at different doses. Growth parameters and flowering were evaluated. Treatments T2 (phosphocompost 1 kg), T3 (TSP 75 g + compost 2 kg) and to a lesser extent T11 (NPK 0-15-15 300 g + phospho-compost 1 kg) were the most efficient. They allowed a better growth, a good precocity of crowning and flowering. All the treatments tested did not impact the mortality rate of young cocoa trees. These results could allow farmers to exploit favorably soils with low fertility, with the guarantee of a good establishment of cocoa plants in the field during the juvenile stage.

In December 2019 an infection with a new virus called SARS-COV2 emerged the Wuhan area in China and took the name of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019). This disease has spread globally to the point of being called a pandemic by the WHO. Although mainly respiratory in nature, COVID-19 seems to trigger an intense inflammatory response, with a multi-systemic impact including the cardiovascular system. In this work, we propose to synthesize and analyze data from the literature to determine the usefulness of troponin measurement in patients with COVID-19. Cardiac troponin is a laboratory parameter and its measurement is relevant in the management of Covid-19 given the frequency of associated cardiovascular lesions. Several observational studies have shown that patients with Covid-19 have significant elevation of troponin levels up to 59%; however, increased troponin levels are considered predictive of mortality.

Introduction: Western-blot was the first technique used to confirm the presence of anti-HIV antibodies. We aim to analyze the different profiles of the HIV western-blot (WB) test and assess their association with the different clinical and immunological stages of infection. Methods: Retrospective study included 688 cases of HIV infection confirmed by WB (HIV BLOT 2.2, MP Diagnostics), at the immunology medical analysis laboratory in collaboration with the infectious diseases department at the CHU Ibn Rochd, between January 2019 and December 2020. For the analysis of the results of the WB profiles, we adopted the interpretation criteria of the WHO (World Health Organization). Results: HIV-1 complete profile (PC: GP160, GP120, P66, P55, P51, GP41, P39, P31, P24, P17) was noted in 41.52% of cases. While 58.04% presented an incomplete HIV-1 profile. P39 was missing in 42.98% of cases, compared to 25.73% for P17, and 28.07%, 15.78%, 7.6%, 6.43%, 1.46%, %0.73% for P55, GP 51, P66, P31, GP24, GP41 respectively. A statistically significant relationship between the clinically advanced stages of HIV infection and the absence of P17, P55 and P39 antibodies in the WB test has been determined. Conclusion: WB profile during HIV infection may be useful in predicting the stages of HIV-positive patients in situations where the assay of CD4 count and viral load are not available.

This study proposes to highlight the evaluation of the effect of the quantity of money offered in the economy on price stability in Morocco, during the period 1984 to 2020, i.e. 37 observations, which will be analyzed via the EVIEWS software. The econometric approach based on dynamic panel data is mainly used for our estimations. For ouranalysis, we will use a standard VECM (Vector Error Correction Model) model instead of a VAR. relationship that exists between the variables. We conclude that the link between inflation and monetary policy transmission indicators on price stability has a limited and insignificant effect as long as the money supply has a positive and significant impact. This contradiction led us to recommend for our part the promotion of a monetary policy oriented towards the improvement of economic growth and the exchange rate.

As an extension of our research work in local economics and industrial economics, initiated over 14 years ago, we continue to explore our study carried out in the French context in 2006 in order to refine it, adapt it to the current context and extract more possible results and conclusions. In this perspective, we have highlighted the perpetual dichotomy that exists between geographic proximity and new information and communication technologies. In this sense, the development of NICT never calls into question the necessity of the geographical factor but on the contrary, it proves its necessity during the process of exchange of knowledge especially when it comes to its tacit form which imposes face to face.

Modern Farmer Organizations (FOs) since the 90s have been advocated as solutions to the problems of small producers, particularly in the Cameroonian and Chadian regions of the Lake Chad Basin which have been affected by several security and environmental crises. Despite the proliferation of this organisations in the area, till date, the trend in the region reveals that FOs are underperforming and unsustainable. Adopting a multidimensional approach to assess the performance of 51 FOs in the study area and profile successful FOs, we built a composite performance indicator of FOs using multiple correspondent analysis. The Ascending hierarchical cluster method was used to classify producers by performance. The results show that 8.94% of producers are in good-performance FOs, 51.4% in medium-performance FOs and 39.66% in poor-performance FOs. The success profile of FOs shows that the factors that contribute most to their performance are having: experienced office members, a manager with good level of education, resources coming from diversified activities, a well-structured leadership and a motivation oriented towards diversification, storage or processing. FOs in rural areas, FOs led by women and Groups in Chad are the most affected by the performance problem. The heaviest constraints as perceived by low-performing FOs are related to the lack of capital and flood problems, while successful FOs complaint about low prices in the market and climate change.

This article highlights the contribution of a teaching material aimed at the understanding of physical laws for students following the scientific humanities. These laws include Ohm’s law and Pouillet’s law. The research shows that the use of didactic material in a physics lesson increases the satisfaction of the students with an increased success rate of 13, 24 % compared to a lesson without didactic material. Therefore, it is essential for a teacher who wants to improve the understanding of these laws to use appropriate and adequate teaching materials. We propose MAT MAF, which has shown satisfactory results.

The disastrous consequences of hydrological risks are of paramount importance, hence the need to prevent them and minimize their impacts, if not eliminate them. In this perspective, the study of flood-related risks in the Cavally watershed was carried out. The objective was to analyze the risks related to floods using different approaches. The study was based on the frequency analysis of three series of extreme flows constituted from the daily flows measured at the different hydrometric stations. These series of flows are made up of annual maximum flows, overthreshold flows and maximum flows obtained on the annual series on which were applied the moving averages of daily duration d. After the frequency analysis of these variables, the construction of the QdF curves was carried out. The study showed that flood discharge times are higher at Toulepleu and Feté (4 - 40 days) than at Nékaounié and Tiéouléoula (1 - 10 days). The frequency analysis showed that the Weibull, Gamma, GEV and Gumbel laws are the best laws that fit the different flood flow series. The QdF curves obtained from the different variables show that those obtained with suprathreshold values give more satisfaction compared to the maxan values. These QdF curves describing the intensity of daily flows showed quantiles of flows with return periods from 2 to 100 years, all higher than the average flows observed in the watershed, thus demonstrating a high risk of flooding since even the most frequent floods are likely to generate floods. Compared to the results obtained by applying the reference basin models, the analysis of the QdF curves showed that the Vandenesse model is better in the observable frequency domain as well as in the rare frequency domain.

This article presents an in-depth analytical cross-sectional study on the identification and analysis of germs that cause urinary tract infections in pregnant women. Given that urinary tract infection is the most common medical complication of pregnancy, exposing the newborn to the risk of low birth weight, prematurity and perinatal mortality; in the mother, to serious complications such as pyelonephritis, renal failure, sepsis or even death. The majority of pregnant women present numerous urinary leukocytes during the dipstick examination. This is why we provide our readers with this tool to better identify germs in pregnant women.

Ivorian forest rehabilitation policy was long time focused on exotic species plantations. Hence, few studies have concerned biodiversity assessment through naturally restauration. This study aimed to assess plant species diversity in habitats reserved for natural regeneration on a hydroelectric dam in the south-western of Côte d’Ivoire. Botanical inventories were carried out in six habitat types where none human activity has been authorized in the last eight years: lowlands, old cocoa and rubber farms, secondary forests, gallery forests and young fallow. Adult, saplings and seedling trees were counted and their diameters at breast height were measured in plot with 625 m2 based on in each habitat type. Species diversity, structural parameters, and conservation value were compared between these habitats. 364 plants species were surveyed in all the habitats. Among them, 48 are rare, endemic, and/or threatened. The diversity of these species decreased from secondary forests to lowlands. The gallery forests, old plantations and young fallows had the same diversity level. Stem density decreased from secondary forests (277.7 stems/ha) to young fallows (150 stems/ha). Above-ground biomass was higher in the gallery forest. The current reconstitution trends of the plant diversity in these protected habitats shown that this method must be promoted for forest restauration.

This study aims to enhance the African pharmacopoeia, for this purpose, we undertook to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the aqueous extract of leaves of Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), a plant used in the treatment of anemia. Qualitative phytochemical tests carried out with this extract have revealed the presence of sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, catechic tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones and saponosides. The study of acute toxicity by gavage in female mice, according to the guidelines of the OECD-423 revealed that the extract is not toxic. Anemia was induced in Wistar rats by oral administration of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride. Gavage of anemic rats with an aqueous extract of leaves of Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), at 500 or 1000 mg/kg body weight or Ranferon® reference substance corrected the anemia after 14 days. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin content and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration impaired by phenylhydrazine were restored. At a dose of 1000 mg/kg, the extract was more effective than Ranferon®. It appears from this study that this extract has anti-anaemic properties in accordance with the effectiveness recognized in traditional medicine. This activity is similar to that of Ranferon® and would be due to the presence of phytochemicals it contains.

Cacaoculture intensification has led to a reduction of the forest area and a continuous decline of woody trees number in cocoa plantations. In the context of climate change, Côte d’Ivoire, the world’s largest producer of cocoa beans, has opted for agroforestry practices to ensure sustainable cocoa production. However, the impact of this choice on cocoa production is not evaluated, let alone the characteristics of existing agroforestry systems. Our objective is to study the effect of different types of agroforestry systems on cocoa yield. Data on flora, DBH diameter, total height of the trees as well as on cocoa pod were collected in 60 plots of 400 m2 each. In addition, tree shading, and potential yield were calculated. The results showed that the diversity of agroforestry systems with cocoa trees includes 47 plant species distributed between 41 genera and 20 families. Factorial Multiple Analysis based on associated tree diversity, dimensions and shading has identified three types of agroforestry systems. Light shading systems had the highest cocoa yields (> 1000 kg/ha/year) while the yield with a dense shading varied from 500 to 1000 kg/ha/year. The absence of shading has a negative effect leading to less than 500 kg/ha/year. These results could help promote efficient Cocoa Agroforestry Systems.