Air is one of the most indispensable components that are crucial to the sustainability of life. Air pollution threatens the health of humans and other living beings on our planet. Choudhary et al., (2013). Managing air pollution has become a difficult challenge because air pollutants have become a universal concern Adams and Kanaroglou (2016). When high levels of air contaminants such as nitrogen, lead, carbon monoxide, and sulfur oxides are present in an environment, humans’ health is compromised. There are numerous countries today that are processing waste from consumers and converting it to renewable energy. The chief executive officer of Harvest Power - Chris Kasper conveyed that “Waste is a problem that can’t be ignored”. He believes that it is significant to recycle waste and make societies naturally healthy. This study will focus primarily on Riverton City and surrounding areas in Kingston, Jamaica. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the environmental health risk effect and the possible renewable energy potential of the solid waste dump site in Riverton City, Kingston, Jamaica.

This paper uses data from 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2018 as samples to analyze the impact of fintech on regional financial risks and its spatial spillover effects using spatial Dubin model. The analysis shows that fintech can restrain the accumulation of regional financial risks, but will accelerate the spillover of financial risks to neighboring regions. Therefore, the following suggestions are put forward: construct the fintech infrastructure system; perfect the construction of financial system and optimize the financial environment; attach importance to financial regulation.

The English language is one of the languages ​​with the greatest impact, its learning in this globalized world is imperative. The unknown that is marked in this region and much more in Ecuador, is why the learning of the English language is not improved. Knowing the linguistic development of this language is important, even when they are small specific groups, much more so in the context of higher education. The present work has carried out a descriptive methodology with 150 students from a higher institution to analyze their development in the face of linguistic competences and how this has been shown to students within the framework of the Covid-19 pandemic. The selected students study the same level of English and their ages range from 18 to 25 years. Finally, the work shows through that there are important skills that teachers have promoted through this new educational scenario such as virtuality.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between total anti-Hbc antibody seropositivity and anti-nuclear antibody seropositivity, in order to prove an association between hepatitis B virus infection and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Material and methods: Retrospective case-control study, conducted in the immunology department of CHU Ibn Rochd of Casablanca from January 2017 to January 2022, evaluating the results of the analyses of 1099 patients, in whom a search for antinuclear antibodies was simultaneously carried out with the search for Hbs antigen and total anti-Hbc antibodies. The patients were divided into two groups. A control group with 937 Hbs antigen and Hbct antibody negative patients and a case group with 162 patients positive for total anti-Hbc antibody. Testing for antinuclear antibodies was performed by indirect immunofluorescence on slides sensitised with Hep-2 cells. Hbs antigen and total anti-Hbc antibodies were tested by automated immunochemiluminescence. Results: We obtained a seroprevalence of anti-nuclear antibodies of 40.75% in the case group and 22% in the control group (P <0.0001). No statistically significant difference between the two groups in the frequency distribution of fluorescence patterns in antinuclear antibodies positive patients was observed (P = 0.617). Conclusion: Our study, in correlation with various literature data, affirms an established association between hepatitis B virus and various autoimmune diseases.

The objective of this study was to assess the entrepreneurial motivations of entrepreneurs in the city of Kinshasa. To this end, a motivational scale was administered to a sample of 380 entrepreneurs in four communes of the city of Kinshasa. The results obtained revealed that psychological needs, the desire to contribute to the resolution of community problems, know-how and expected profitability are factors that motivated the subjects of the study to go into business. Expected profitability was the most important factor that motivated the study subjects to start their small and medium-sized businesses.

In order to support its economic growth, China has turned to Africa, particularly to the DR Congo, the pre-square of the Western powers. Its breakthrough in the DR Congo has, in recent years, made this country a terrain of geopolitical, geostrategic and even geo-economic confrontation or rivalry between China and the DR Congo's Western partners including USA.This article examines the impact of these rivalries on the sustainable development of the DR Congo. At the end of the analysis, the author estimated that in order to avoid or reduce conflicts between actors and enable the DR Congo to benefit from its strategic resources, the Congolese state must use strategic diplomacy, which consists of encouraging the « concerted and balanced exploitation » of strategic natural resources by the various actors in confrontation. This will enable the Congolese state to adopt a centrist position and banish any idea of a bloc and to involve all actors in the development of the DR Congo.

The objective of this article was to relate the assessment of resource management practices to the perceived productivity of some Congolese companies (DR Congo). To do this, a questionnaire for evaluating the perception of human resource management practices and a scale of perceived productivity were administered to a convenience sample of 396 employees of five companies in the Congolese government portfolio (Direction Générale des Impôts, Société Nationale d'Electricité, Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale, Office Congolais de Contrôle and Office des Voiries et Drainage). The results obtained attest that human resource management practices are well appreciated by the subjects of the study. These subjects also approve of the productivity of their organizations. Finally, positive and significant correlations were established between the way human resource management practices are implemented and the perceived productivity of the organizations.

The links between cannabis and psychotic disorders are old. Indeed, several studies have shown a strong association between cannabis and schizophrenia.Objective - Our research aims to focus on the function of cannabis consumption which may express polymorphic psychic suffering among schizophrenic patients.Method - A qualitative and quantitative study was conducted among 61 schizophrenic patients. And the clinical study.Results - Static analysis and study case have showen that cannabis is the principal consumed substance after tobacco. In our population, 82% are cannabis users, 58% consume it regularly and 80% also consume other psychoactive substances (alcohol, psychotropics).It appears that schizophrenic is characterized by a set of parameters such as: the early start of consumption from adolescence, in particular the early age of first contact with cannabis, the vulnerable personality, the anxiety, dysfunctional environment. The use of the questionnaire showed that 58% of cannabis consumers say they smoke cannabis to alleviate psychological suffering.Conclusion - Subjects suffering froms chizophrenia hospitalized in the Arrazi psychiatric hospital are particularly vulnerable to cannabis consumption. It is not only used according to a more or less manifest need of the subject, but also as an attempt to defend anesthesia and to avoid psychic suffering in a form of self-medication.

This reflection proposes a new approach for the development of the Communes of the City of Kinshasa. This is enshrined in a four-pole model called the « RDPE model », i.e. a model based on Retrospective, Diagnosis, Project and Evaluation.

This reflection on female servant leadership and sustainable development dealt, firstly, with the notions of servant leadership where we exploited leadership in the service of others, the characteristics and qualities of the servant leader, the alternative model of management of people, the conceptual foundation and the origin of the paradigm and the principles that the servant leader must respect. Secondly, we alluded to the operational axes of female servant leadership. Here, we have addressed servant leadership and the economy by highlighting Congolese women and the informal economy and by proposing a solution to formalize the informal; female servant leadership and the environment where we have dealt with the Congolese woman and the improved stove, the environmental benefit, without forgetting the woman and the water, the economic benefit and the social benefit; female servant leadership and social issues where we have emphasized Congolese women and poverty, possible solutions to get women out of poverty, women and maternal health, women and HIV/AIDS, Congolese woman and the employment sector. The last point was dedicated to managerial strategies for the success of female servant leadership: the creation of gender machines, education, appropriation of the fight for sustainable development and the application of legal texts.

Through this reflection, we intend to analyze the operationality of human resources management at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques (ISTM/Kinshasa), while focusing on recruitment, training and the end of careers.

The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is an economically, nutritionally and socially important crop. Currently, this culture is at the center of scientific debate because it is indexed to play a significant role in the phenomenon of deforestation observed in humid tropical regions. In order to contribute to its expansion while minimizing forest losses and protecting the environment, agroforestry systems integrating herbaceous or woody flora species have emerged as a better alternative. In this perspective, this study constitutes a contribution to the valuation of shade trees in the cultivation of cocoa while maintaining intact its productivity in the territory of Lubero. The objective of the study is to study the influence of shade trees on the morphometric parameters of pods in the ecological environment of Buyinga. To achieve this objective, observations were made at nine cocoa plantations chosen according to their degree of shade. With the exception of the number of pods per stem, the results show that there is a very highly significant difference in the means of the length of the pods, the circumference of the pods and the number of beans per pod in the plantations according to the degree of shading (p-value<0.05). Indeed, the average lengths of the pods are 24.83 ± 4.11 cm in moderately shaded plantations, 22.61 ± 4.38 cm in heavily shaded plantations and 19.20 ± 2.69 cm for plantations without shade (in broad daylight). The average circumferences of the pods are respectively equal to 27.99 ± 3.41 cm for plantations with medium shade, 26.47 ± 2.5 cm for plantations without shade and 26.46 ± 3.49 for plantations with strong shady. The average number of beans per pod is 38.95 in plantations with medium shade against 38.53 beans per pod for plantations without shade and 26.5 beans for plantations with strong shade. Despite the absence of significant difference in the number of pods per stem according to the degree of shade, cocoa plantations growing under medium shade induced a high number of pods per stem compared to other plantations. The average number of pods per stem is around 25.8 ± 7.25 for plantations with medium shade, 23.89 ± 6.03 for plantations with strong shade and 21.51 ± 7.44 for plantings without shade.

At present, vegetatively propagated crops are susceptible to virus infection, and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is no exception to this generalization. It is in this context that the major concern in Africa has turned to the virus that induces African mosaic. Indeed, African Cassava Mosaic is a major constraint to cassava production due to its implications in dramatically increasing yield losses. In the perspective of setting up strategies to fight against this pandemic, the objective of this research is to study the influence of cropping systems on the degree of susceptibility of Cassava to African Mosaic (MAM) in the locality of Kivira. To achieve this objective, 90 fields were chosen randomly and this because of 30 monoculture fields based on cassava, 30 fields based on cropping associations and 30 fields where cassava is integrated with trees of species forests. The incidence, severity and Symptom Severity Index (SGI) of African Cassava Mosaic were observed in each field. In total, 7820 cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were evaluated on all the fields studied. At the end of this study, the results show a very highly significant difference in the number of diseased plants, the incidence and the severity of MAM depending on the cropping systems and cultivars (p-value < 0.05). In the monoculture, we observe a high number of diseased plants with an average of 7.8 plants against 3.9 plants for the association and 2 for the agroforests. The average incidence of African cassava mosaic is 39.52% in monoculture, 22.36% in crop associations and 12.10% in agroforestry systems. The severity values ​​are respectively 20.79% for monoculture, 10.4% for association and 5.73% for agroforestry systems. In view of the results of this study, the extension as well as the adoption by farmers of approaches based on agroforestry can constitute an important pillar for the diversification of production while reducing the effects of African mosaic on cassava cultivation in tropical Africa.

The objective of this paper is to determine the incidence and severity of the FAW (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith) and to study the influence of the cropping system on the degree of infestation of FAW in the cultivated corn fields in Kivira locality. To achieve these objectives, 60 corn fields including 20 fields at the 4 leaf stage, 20 fields at the 8 leaf stage and 20 fields at the flowering stage were visited. At the end of the analysis, the results show that the number of diseased plants was significantly higher for the 8 leaf stage with an average of 7.44 plants compared to the other two stages of corn development. Likewise, in corn fields at the 8 leaf stage, the number of FAW larvae in an area of ​​25 m2 is much higher with an average of 9.79 larvae. As with the number of diseased plants and larvae, the study shows that the number of lesions per leaf at the 8-leaf stage is greater than the number of lesions per leaf at the other phenological stages. The incidence of Fall Armyworm varies significantly with the phenological stages and crop types associated with corn. The average incidence of FAW in fields at the 8 leaf stage is higher than in other phenological stages. The averages are 35.72%, 9.88% and 6.96% for the 8 leaf stage, the flowering stage and the 4 leaf stage respectively. The average severity index for the Fall Armyworm is 7.24%. The maximum value obtained is 22.53%. At the 8-leaf stage, the average severity of FAW is 17.57% compared to 2.32% for the flowering stage and 1.83% for the 4-leaf stage.

Faced with the current trend of rising food insecurity and chronic diseases in urban areas, the adoption by farmers of plants with nutritional and medicinal properties in urban agriculture becomes one of the solutions to this challenge. Currently, chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is one of the crops attracting attention because of its nutritional, medicinal and cosmetic properties. Thus, this study pursues a double objective, namely to study the perceptions of farmers in City of Butembo on this crop and to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of logistic regression. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were constructed based on data collected from a simple random sample of 120 farmers. This study shows that for a farmer, the knowledge of the chia plant, the consumption of the seeds, the knowledge of the nutritional and medicinal virtues of its seeds, the opinion to undertake this culture, the perception on the evolution of the demand at the market level and the adoption of this crop in urban agriculture vary according to socio-demographic characteristics. The study also shows that logistic regression provides better overall precision, acceptable error rates and moderate Cohen's Kappa coefficients.

Autoimmune diseases are marked by the presence of more or less specific autoantibodies for each of them. The detection and identification of these autoantibodies seem to be the pillars of the diagnosis. The aim of our study is to evaluate the ELISA technique compared to the immunodot, for the detection of extractable nuclear antigens antibodies Sm, SSA and SSB. This is a retrospective, comparative study of biological diagnostic techniques carried out over 6 months. 86 sera from patients tested by the immunodot for the detection of extractable nuclear antigens antibodies were analyzed by an ELISA test (AESKULISA) for the detection of anti-Sm, anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies. Sensitivities, specificities, PPVs, NPVs and the correlation index were calculated respectively for each of the three kits AESKULISA Sm (57.14%, 97.46%, 66.6%, 97.46%, 94%), AESKULISA SSA (53.84 %, 97.87%, 95.45%, 71.87%, 77.90%) and AESKULISA SSB (16.66%, 100%, 100%, 81.92%, 82.55%). Our study found low levels of sensitivity of the ELISA technique compared to the immunodot, which could be explained by the nature of the antigenic substrates, the coating procedures and the cut-off levels used by kits manufacturers. The immunodot appears to be more sensitive and more specific for the detection of anti-SSB antibodies and more sensitive for the detection of anti-SSA 52kDa antibodies. Indeed, a combination of two or more methods is to be recommended in order to optimize the relevance of the diagnostic test for the screening of anti-ENA antibodies.

Companies occupy a huge place in the economic fabric of each country. This is why preserving its durability and performance is vital and important. So, companies’ performance is a crucial subject for the company itself and for the country. Indeed, many research works have been interested in this question. We are interested to study the determinant factors of performance. This article is part of the literature reviews listing the theorical and empirical work related to the performance of the company. It come from a literature review of several article published between 1977 and 2018 in the main international journals in management science. During the analysis, we noticed the existence of a richness of theories and previous studies and approaches to performance. So, we will explain the concept of performance and we will push further to list and clarify each types of performance, namely: commercial performance, strategic performance, human resources performance, financial performance and societal performance. We will also incline measurement indicators of company performance and detail its theorical framework. Furthermore, we will study theorical point of view the determinants of each type of performance mentioned above. Finally, we will present empirical studies who define the determinant of the different types of performance.

Introduction: The objective of this work is to analyze the bacteriological aspects of surgical site infection at the University Hospital of Marrakech by evaluating the antibiotic resistance profile of the different bacterial strains incriminated over the last three years. It is a descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2018-2020), at the level of the microbiology laboratory of the University Hospital of Marrakech, including all surgical site infections documented over this period in patients operated and hospitalized for at least 72 hours at the level of the different services of the University Hospital of Marrakech and presenting clinically an infection of the surgical site. Results: The prevalence of surgical site infection was 79% out of a total of 332 documented infections. The bacteriological profile was dominated by Gram-negative bacilli with 47.2% of Enterobacteriaceae (n=157) and 15.6% of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (n=50). Escherichia coli dominated this profile with 15.9% (n=53) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 12.3% (n 41), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10.8% (n=36). Antibiotic susceptibility analysis identified 25% of multidrug resistant strains. 40% of E.coli strains were resistant to C3G, 60% were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 35% were resistant to gentamycin, 40% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 55% of strains were resistant to cotrimoxazole. Strains with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems accounted for 10.5% of all enterobacterial isolates. Conclusion: Surgical site infections are common in our setting, represented mainly by gram-negative bacilli, mainly enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Over the last three years, these hospital germs have increasingly developed a multi-resistance to the antibiotics prescribed in first intention. The implementation of a preventive hospital strategy and the rigorous use of antibiotics are urgent and indispensable.

This study is carried out with the aim of collating the local impacts of climate change in the coastal area of ​​Muanda in the DRC. Three pilot villages are selected because of their accessibility and ease of communication. Resource persons are sorted on the basis of level of study. For each village, 25 people are chosen, making a total of 75 for the three villages. Interviews and plenary sessions supplemented information on the local perception of climate change, as well as the vulnerability assessment.To assess the impacts of climate change, climate scenarios at the local (Muanda area) and regional (Africa) scales were evaluated using the Magicc/Scengen 5.3 software over a period of one hundred years, at the beginning of the century, in the middle of the century and towards the end of the century. Only the temperature variable is taken into account. The results revealed that the neighbouring inhabitants locally perceives and interprets the impacts of climate change through sea level rise, coastal erosion, the decline in fish and agricultural products, and drought. The projections also show that the temperature will only increase over time.

This study is carried in Kinshasa, provincial city in Democratic Republic of Congo, with the aim of inventorying the floristic richness of certain protected sites in order to preserve nature. The transect method with a double advantage, that of saving time and considerable cost, made it possible to collect data by direct observation (visual contact with the tree) and to determine the plant species inventoried. The plant species were identified using the combination of various determination keys. The results obtained were then supplemented by information concerning the ecological types, which enabled us to identify 80 genera and 89 plant species divided into 48 families according to the APG IV classification. The most represented families in number of species are those of Rubiaceae and Fabaceae visibly with 8 species or 9% against 7 species or 8%. The most represented species in number of individuals are Markhamia tomentosa (40 feet) or 8.6%, Strychnos variabilis (33 feet) or 6.4%, Oncoba welwitchii (30 feet) or 5.8%, Rhabdophyllum arnoldianum (25 feet) or 4.9%, Allophylus africanus (25 feet) or 4.9%, Hymenocardia ulmoides (21 feet) or 4.1% and Pentaclethra eetveldeana (17 feet) or 3.3%.

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of cashew apple in feed on the zootechnical performance of broiler chickens in the finished phase. It involved 180 broiler chicks, of the « HUBBAR » strain, distributed in 12 experimental units according to a completely randomized device comprising 4 treatments and 3 replicates each. It is a control feed (PC0) containing maize as the main source of energy and three experimental feeds containing respectively 15 % (PC15), 30 % (PC30) and 45 % (PC45) respectively of cashew apple. At the end of the finishing phase, it was observed that the growth performances of the animals fed with the feeds PC0, PC15 and PC30 are superior to the weights of those fed with feed PC45 (p <0.05). The feed consumption and feed conversion index are identical for the PC0, PC15 and PC30 treatments. However, they increase with 45 % inclusion. The feeds PC15 and PC30 had the lowest production costs per kilogram of live weight. Concerning the characteristics of the chickens’ carcass, cashew apple powder had no effect on the carcass yields of animals fed the different types of feed (p> 0.05). In the finishing growth phase, a 30 % inclusion rate of the cashew apple powder in the feed produces chicks with comparable zootechnical performance to a ration containing exclusively maize as the main energy source.

The Voandzou [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc], is generally cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa, where its production ranks third in seed legumes. The valorization of this crop is therefore one of the best alternatives to ensure the food security of the population in the face of declining production of food crops such as millet and sorghum in a country like Niger. Indeed, the control of the diversity of the voandzou will undoubtedly allow it to be taken into account in the varietal selection programs. The objective of this study is the agro-morphological characterization of thirty (30) accessions from the Nigerian Voandzou collection in the Sudanese agro-climatic zone. The data used are collected through an agronomic test set up on a Fisher device in complete random blocks, with three (3) repetitions. Sixteen (16) characters, including four phenological, six (6) morphological, and six (6) traits related to yield components were evaluated for characterization of accessions. The descriptive statistics analysis showed that the coefficients of variation ranged from 4.16% (maturity date) to 72.51% (shell weight). Significantly high values ​​ (CV> 20%) were observed for 12 characters out of 16 analyzed. Characterization revealed very highly significant differences between 11 parameters of the accessions studied. It was found that accessions Di-017, Ma-045, Ta-095 and Ta-096 are early (86 JAS) and give more pods per plant. The Zi-007 accession is the most efficient in performance components. Strong correlations were observed between the dates of the first flowering and that of fifty percent r = 0.840. Correlations of the same order were obtained between the diameter of the plants and the height r = 0.714 and between the weight of the pods and seeds r = 0.954. In order to specify the different groups Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AMP) were performed. The group G3 consists of 7 accessions, are late, more productive in biomass, give better yields, but fewer pods per plant. The G2 group consists of a single accession Zi-007, which is early, more productive in biomass, yield and gives more pods per plant. Then the group G1 consists of 22 accessions that are intermediate to those of the other two groups.

A zootechnical follow-up was conducted in Gounaka (Tassaoua department, Maradi region) in Niger on 48 goats aged less than one year to 4 years including 36 Redheads (75%) and 12 Blacks (25%), all followed by 76 kids including 37 females and 39 males of Red dress (58 individuals) and Black (18 individuals) belonging to 45 breeders. Analyzes have shown that frequency of single litter in Red goats (45.71%) was lower than that of Black (50%). On other hand, double litters were more frequent in Red goat (54.28%) than Black (50%). Differences in 2 cases of litters were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). There was a statistical difference (p <0.05) between milk production average of two types of goats. Red goat had regularly higher than Black at all rows of lactation. Average of durations of intervals between 1st-2nd, 2nd-3rd, 3rd-4th, 4th-5th and 5th-6th parturitions in Red and Black goats in all dresses were respectively 8.36 ± 1.56; 8.67 ± 1.49; 8.66 ± 1.34; 10.00 ± 0.82 and 9.50 ± 0.71 months without statistical difference. At birth, Black kids weighed more than their Red counterparts with 1.67 ± 0.20 and 1.61 ± 3.55 kg respectively, but difference was not significant. As for mean of decadal scrotal circumference (perimeter), it increased from first (D1) to tenth (D10) decade respectively from 5.13 ± 0.89 to 10.71 ± 1.61 cm for Red kids and 4.70 ± 0.80 to 9.51 ± 2.14 cm for black kids significantly (p <0.05).

The consumption of salads of the fourth range (4th range) has become increasingly worrying in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). This work was undertaken to determine the microbiological status of these foods during the period of domestic conservation (7°C) after opening the packaging in order to prevent the risk of intoxication from bacterial pathogens. The material and methods used for the microbiological analyses refer to the techniques of classical microbiology followed by statistical tests through R4.1.2 and excel software. The results obtained showed that the 4th range salads sold in the hypermarkets of the city of Abidjan were highly contaminated by bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus with a prevalence of 24%, E. coli O157: H7 with 16% and Salmonella spp. with 18%. On opening the packages (D0), 63.43% of the salads were unfit for consumption, 5% had an acceptable load and 31.57% were of satisfactory microbiological quality. On the third day (D3), the rate of salads unfit for consumption increased (68.43%). On the seventh day (D7), the microbiological quality was the same as on the third day. However, the Salads of the Green Oaks (SChV) and the Meli melo salads (SMe), with perforated packaging were more conducive to the growth of the pathogens studied. Domestic refrigeration does not guarantee the safety of 4th range salads after opening the packages.

The lack of hygiene in public markets in rural areas is often linked to poor management of the waste produced there. This waste makes the environment unhealthy and pollutes the various consumer products sold, hence the source of illnesses. This study is carried out in the city of Kabinda province of Lomami in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The Yakasongo market west of Kabinda was the center of investigation. Eighty-four (84) vendors were questioned. Data analysis was done using SPSS 22 software. The Chi-square test was used to verify the relationship between vendor perceptions of hygiene and the occurrence of diseases. The epidemiological odds ratio index to determine the degree of exposure to diseases. The results show that there is a statistically significant relationship between the perception of market hygiene and exposure to diseases. This exposure varies between 2 and 9.75 plus or minus 10 times more when the perception of hygiene is negative.

In image processing, it is often essential to remove the noise from the image since this noise is an anomaly which degrades its quality, while making its visual interpretation difficult. The purpose of filtering is to eliminate the effect of these disturbances by trying not to touch the essential information of the image (contours, dynamics, and textures). This article describes the development of a Gaussian filter for noise reduction in medical images, the ggfilter function is designed for the calculation of the filter matrix and the convolution process, the tests on different parameters show the advantage of use 7x7 windows and σ= 0.5.

This study aimed to describe the behavior of ginger, and to predict its water content, during artificial drying under four temperatures (60 oC, 80 oC, 100 oC, 120 oC). Experiments were carried out on ginger using a DRY-Line type oven. The obtained data was fitted using 4 semi-empirical thin layer drying models. Among the semi-empirical models considered, the diffusion approach model was chosen as the most appropriate model to describe the behavior of ginger. For the different temperatures, he presented respectively the coefficients (r) of 0.9970; 0.9974; 0.9949 and 0.9942; the coefficients Chi-square (χ²) of 4.0306 X 10-6, 3.7015 X 10-7; 1.6387 X 10-7 and 1.3637 X 10-6 and Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of 3.5851 X 10-4; 1.1415 X 10-4; 9.2226 X 10-5 and 2.6604 X 10-4 for the four temperatures. The diffusion coefficient varies from 9.585 X 10-9 to 3.466 X 10-8 m2/s and strongly depends on the drying temperature. The activation energy is estimated at 24.188 kJ/mol.

Assisted Natural Regeneration (RNA) is one of practices that small farmers adopted to restore vegetation cover and improve land productivity in cultivated areas in Niger. The present study, conducted in the main cultivation areas in Niger, aims to assess the effects of RNA trees on soil physicochemical characteristics of cultivated tropical ferruginous soil in order to assess their fertility. Composite soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm deep under and outside trees crowns of Piliostigma reticulatum, Combretum glutinosum and Sclerocarya birrea respectvily to determine physicochemical characteristics i.e soil particle size composition, pH, CEC, organic matter contents, assimilable phosphorus. The results showed that trees have no influence on particle size composition because there are no significant differences between area under crown and area outside crown on granulometric composition under all species. However, the presence of these trees (Piliostigma reticulatum, Combretum glutinosum and Sclerocarya birrea) significantly improves chemical soil fertility. Indeed, organic matter content was 26, 3.8 and 4.2 times higher respectively under crown of P. reticulatum, C. glutinosum and S. birrea than that outside crown of these species. Moreover, available phosphorus content, often very low in cultivated tropical ferruginous soils in Niger, was 2.5, 1.2 and 2.1 times higher in soil under crown than soil outside without crown of P. reticulatum, C. glutinosum and S. birrea respectively. Thus, RNA practice improves soil chemical fertility of cultivated tropical ferriginous soils through input organic matter and nutrients by biomass plant. However, further studies can be performed to determine effects of RNA ligneous plants on soil hydrostructural properties.

The concept of sustainable growth is a major issue for any economy. It ensures the continuity of environmental resources and services. The objective of this work is to address the imperative of sustainable growth, which must be a priority of Morocco’s economic strategy and the cornerstone of its development model. This is to discuss how to seek to combine economic policy and development research to achieve an economic model meeting the challenge of sustainability and confirming the priority of a strategic vision of development that gives rise to a sustainable approach of growth. The main contributions of this article consist on the one hand, in presenting a reflection on how to deal with the shortcomings of growth in Morocco; and on the other hand, to discuss the importance of economic sustainability, as well as the factors that allow the new development model to fully play its role in sustainable growth.

The research aimed to identify the scale of teachers’ representations of the presence of the Jewish component in the curriculum and textbooks of history in the middle and secondary stages, using the descriptive survey method. To obtain the data, a questionnaire of two axes (representations of the presence of the Jewish component in the curriculum, and representations of the presence of the Jewish component in textbooks) was prepared. After verifying its validity and reliability, it was applied on 152 history and geography teachers in the two stages. The findings were as follows: The teachers’ representations of the presence of Moroccan Jewish component in the history curriculum and textbooks of the middle and secondary stages were overall low. At the level of the sub-themes, the representations of the presence of the Jewish component and cultural diversity in the history subject in the secondary school were low, with being very low within the textbook. There are statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level in the teachers' representations about the Jewish component in the curriculum and textbooks of history in the secondary school attributed to the variables of gender, years of seniority, academic qualification, and training before service, while there are no differences in representations according to the variables of specialization and level of teacher.