A key goal of any engineering and software engineering in particular, is the quality of the final product. Software quality is often determined by the ability to meet the needs of customers and end users, as obtained as software requirements. To satisfy that needs is important a correct requirement engineering process in general, and a correct requirement prioritization in particular. Prioritizing software requirements is a complex decision making process. Traditional approaches do not perform aggregation of criteria with sufficient flexibility and adaptability to the specific contexts of organizations. In this paper we propose a requirements prioritization method that uses hierarchical aggregation process for information fusion. The proposal allows the inclusion of aspects such as the importance of the criteria and simultaneity. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposal a case study is developed. The paper ends with further work recommendations for extending the method.
Project interdependency modeling and analysis have has been ignored in project portfolio management. There are five types of project portfolio interdependencies: benefit, risk, outcome, schedule and resources. In the case of risks interdependencies a positive or negative correlation of risks occurs provoking risk diversification or amplification effects. In this work project portfolio risk interdependencies are modeled using the computing with word (CWW) paradigm. We propose a new method for modeling project portfolio interdependencies, and specially risks interdependencies, using the 2-tuples linguistic model and fuzzy cognitive maps. This proposal has many advantages for dealing with linguistic information making simpler the elicitation of knowledge from experts. Building a 2-tuple fuzzy cognitive map follows an approach more similar to human reasoning and the human decision making process. An illustrative example showed the applicability of the proposal. The paper ends with recommendation of future works that will concentrate on three objectives.
Analysis of critical success factors in software projects allow organizations to focus on the fundamentals factors to be successful in software development. In this paper a proposal for identifying and weighting critical success factors in software projects is shown. Focus Group and Analytic Hierarchy Process are used across the study. The proposal applicability is shown in a case in a data integration project. Re result shows the importance of client compromise among factors. Another important finding is the appropriateness and the applicability of the proposal. Paper ends with conclusion and future works recommendations.
For the sustainable use of groundwater, this study analyzes groundwater potential in Western Cameroon Highlands using artificial neural network model (ANN), GIS tools and remote sensing. Twelve factors believed to influence the groundwater occurrence were selected from literature and field investigations and used as input data. Satellite ALOS PALSAR, LANDSAT OLI, SRTM data processing techniques and GIS spatial analysis tools were used to prepare these maps. Pumping rates from 189 wells were considered as groundwater potential data and randomly divided into a training and a test sets. An ANN based on the relationship between groundwater productivity data and the above factors was implement on MATLAB. Each factor
This work was initiated in the objective to characterize and identify the species of the Clarias kind within wild stock as servant in the zoological garden of Lubumbashi, RDC. For the identification groups, the techniques of measurement and counting were carried out on the basis of 7 morphometric measurement on 70 fish, in addition to the counting of the branchiospines on the first branchial arc and of the vertebrae. The study was supplemented by the morphological observations on the presence of the outline of the fat fin. The results obtained indicate that there are two species, C. gariepinus and C. ngamensis. Indeed, the morphological observations supported by the analysis of the neurales spines indicate that there are individuals presenting the atrophied fat fin (C. ngamensis) and of other not (C. gariepinus).The number of the branchiospines on the first arc branchial also states that certain individuals lay out about it in a high number than others. Clarias gariepinus presented more of the branchiospines on the first arc than Clarias ngamensis. These results show obviously that in the batch of fish raised at the zoological garden of Lubumbashi, there are two species of the Clarias kind.
Despite the fact that there is no consensual definition to the concept of financial stability, it turns out that all economists agree on the characterization of the financial instability. Thus, this latter is assumed to be linked to the phenomena of financial crises and systemic risk. These determine not only the disadvantages related to the social welfare of a situation where a climate of distrust and uncertainty is at its peak, but also the aspects and characteristics of a vulnerable and unbalanced system. This article will focus, first, on the definition of the concept of instability with a view to identifying the sources of vulnerability of a banking system. Thereafter, we will examine the elements that must be taken into account in defining the financial stability, on the basis of which will be based the types of measures to be undertaken by the authorities to ensure this financial stability. Finally, we will discuss the importance of regulation and supervision to the stability of the financial sector through both micro and macro dimensions of the banking regulation.
This study aims to assess the evolution of water balance parameters watershed Comoe in a context of climate change. Using the GR2M hydrological model, climate data from the climate model RegCM3 under the A2 emission scenario were simulated to get infiltration, runoff and evaporation and plant transpiration for the periods 1991-2000, 2031-2040 and 2091-2100. Similarly, monthly hydrological and climatic data were used to calibrate the parameters of GR2M hydrological model over the period 1961-1990.
The calibration of the hydrological model gave Nash values between 57% to 72%. At validation, Nash criterion varies from 51% to 75%.
The results of projection, revealed a decrease in runoff of 18.8% to 34% in 2031-2040 and 40% to 73% in 2091-2100 horizon in different localities. Refills of sheets that are through infiltration could decrease by 7% to 13% in 2031-2040 horizon and 49.3% to 70% in 2091-2100. The decrease in these two consecutive hydrological parameters is, firstly, to falling precipitation of 7.17% and, secondly, an increase in the evaporation and plant transpiration via the temperature increase of 3.6
Islamic finance has become a necessity in the banking market and a priority for some countries that have economic relations with states in the Middle East; Morocco, as a Muslim country and an official partner of these countries recently decided to introduce the aspect of Islamic finance in their financial systems. This passage requires adjustment and redeployment at the laws and regulations of the Moroccan banking law, especially: the institutional setting, accreditation and the conditions for exercising this new profession and the book keeping and presentation of financial statements. Faced with the shortage and the scarcity of research on Islamic accounting, this article tries to analyze the choice of accounting standards for this category of financial institutions. For this, the research describes a distinction between the concept of participatory and conventional Moroccan bank, then an analysis of the three accounting standards used by financial institutions and finally an accounting translation of "Murabaha" operation between the PCEC and AAOFI standards.
This article examines the water deficit s which pineapple is subject in the production area in Benin. Specifically it characterizes the variability of rainfall and that of the water from 1951 to 2010 on the soils of the Plateau of Allada under pineapple cultivation. This feature is based on the reduced centered abnormalities. We detect ruptures by the test Pettitt. The formula of Hillel allowed the estimation of the water balance, and that of the Hazen the frequency overtake various levels of water deficits. The results show that globally since 1980, seasons start with 5 to 25 days late and get shorter from 20 to 35 days. In addition, atmospheric forcing has more affected the components of accumulated rainfall than the same combination. This result in a regression of the average annual total (4% at Niaouli and 8% at Ouidah) and the deficit of the water balance even though the average rainfall exceeds that of the water needs of pineapple. Nevertheless, the quality of the short rainy season is improving and the water deficits of this season have a downward trend unlike the big one. The year
The present study is the purpose of valorizing medicinal plants and ethnopharmacological heritage of the Zerhoun region in Morocco, an ethnobotanical study has been carried with population. So, during spring 2014, a total of 350 interviews were going out in 19 towns. This study enabled to inventory 111 exploited species belonging to 43 families. Most of plants used are spontaneous and Lamiaceae dominates with 15 species (13.51%). Ethnobotany study revealed the leaves constitute the most used part (38%) and the most frequently employed mode of preparation for the majority of the remedies is the decoction (48%). Also, herbal remedies are often used to treat digestive disorders (37%).
This study aims to evaluate the metal pollution levels after water from the underground mine Kipushi located south of the Democratic Republic of Congo in the Kafubu River. To achieve this, the waters were sampled at three sampling campaigns (February, March and April of 2012) from the drain into the Katapula Kafubu River downstream of the confluence with the river Kipushi. It has been shown that cadmium and zinc values at 83.3% and 66.7% respectively were higher than those of the standard set by the European Union and 16.7%, 66.7% are higher as the Mining Regulations of the Democratic Republic of Congo for liquid effluents. Moreover, these high levels could pose health risks to the local population of Kafubu River. Our results serve as a warning bell to national environmental policies to protect the people living in a mining environment.
The study aimed at determining the prevalence of visual impairment among diabetic patients in the Kumba urban area, South West Region, Cameroon. The descriptive cross-sectional study was hospital -based. Through purposive sampling technique, 84 diabetic patients were selected from three hospitals with Diabetic and Eye Clinics in the Kumba urban area, Cameroon. The participants were taken through visual acuity measurement, ophthalmoscopy, retinoscopy, subjective refraction and slit lamp examinations. Informed consent was signed by the study subjects. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS v. 20. A total of 52.4% were females and 47.6% were males. The total prevalence of visual impairment among diabetics in the area was 17.8% A total of 60.0% of the visually impaired were females and 40.0% being males (p<0.05, 95% CI).The prevalence of ocular conditions among the visually impaired diabetics was 43.3% for cataract, 23.3% for diabetic retinopathy (DR), 16.7% for glaucoma, 13.4% for refractive error and 3.3% for other ocular conditions. This study revealed that the prevalence of visual impairment among diabetic patients in the Kumba urban area, Cameroon was 17.8%. Cataract was the leading ocular condition with 43.3%, present in the visually impaired participants of this study.
This project work took place at school of agriculture teaching and research farm in Delta State Polytechnic Ozoro. Ozoro is located in Isoko North local government Area of Delta State. There are different varieties of pepper in Ozoro the need to screen the yield of three varieties of pepper becomes necessary. Three varieties of pepper seeds were bought from the market and were nursed for about 3 weeks before they were transplanted into the main field at a spacing of 60cm x 60cm and planting depth of 5cm. the seedling were replicated four times, in a randomize complete block design. The parameters measured are member of leaves, plant height number of branches and number of fruits at hearvest. These were taken at the interval of two weeks. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Table 1: reveals the number of leaves of three varieties of pepper. The result shows that mexi-bell hot pepper had the highest number of leaves of 17.5, 60.25 and 63.0 as against 16.75, 31.25,33.0 and 16.25, 58.35 and 60.0 for sweet bell pepper and serano hot pepper respectively. Table (2) shows the plant height (cm) of three varieties of pepper that is planted, mexi-bell hot pepper had a plant height of 8.5, 20.5 and 23 as against 6.75, 16.78, 18 and 5.77, 16.75 and 20.25 for serano hot pepper and sweet bell pepper. Table (3) shows the number of branches of three varieties of pepper. The result shows that mexi-bell hot pepper had more or highest number of branches of 3,6.5, 8 and 2.5, 4.75 and 6.25 for serano
During 2011-2013, 189 bacteria from four Moroccans regional hospitals were referred to The National Institute of Hygiene (NIH) to achieve phenotyping and genotyping.
Galleries Api20E, Api20NE and Api20Sthap (bioM
Starting from the previous implemented processes to recognize the human right to water, and the observation that human rights are indivisible, interdependent and interrelated, we argue that it is time to establish a human right to land under international law. Indeed, two strong arguments constitute a convincing pillar: the first is the importance of land for the realization of a number of internationally recognized human rights, and the second is the alarming situation of serious violations of human rights resulting from the expansion, in the recent years, of international investment in farmlands. Such basis is supported by providing a number of widely accepted international instruments and both regionally and nationally advanced jurisprudence. However, efforts to interpret and apply international standards remain a permanent challenge, and their effectiveness has not been definitively established, given the fragmented nature of international human rights law.
Cotrimoxazole is an association of two anti-infectives Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic active against a wide range of microorganism (bacteria, fungi and protozoa). It is also used for the prevention of opportunistic infections in HIV-AIDS patients when the l CD4 level is between 350-500/mm3. For this reason, it is necessary to ensure the quality of the medicine administered to our population.
The purpose of the present study was to assess the quality of the generic Cotrimoxazole 480 mg tablets marketed in the Douala city.
A total of 37 lots of drugs were analysed, six (6) collected in the private organizations, seven (7) in the public sector and twenty-fourth (24) in the illegal market using the cluster sampling poll method. These drugs were therefore submitted to standards pharmaco-technical and physico-chemical tests.
Accordingly, the tests of disintegration, hardness, friability, mass uniformity, dimension uniformity, identification and the dosage of the active compounds demonstrated 33% of non-compliance in the private sector, 86% in the public sector and 79% in the illegal sector.
In conclusion, the study revealed that non-conformities affected the official sector (private and public) as well as the illegal in Douala market.
An experiment on the substitution of palm kernel oil meal by Moringa oleifera hay in ration of broilers was conducted to evaluate the growth rate of the chicks and the cost per Kg of broiler. Three types of rations were formulated: 0%, 4% and 10% Moringa based rations. The test was made on thirty six one day chicks of ISA 715 strain raised for seven weeks. The obtained results have shown that replacing palm kernel oil meal by Moringa oleifera hay at the rate of 4 to 10% has no significant effect on the growth and feed conversion rate. However feed costs per Kg of broiler were reduced at almost 8% compared to the ration based on palm kernel oil meal.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the information system of the Social Security is almost manual. The needs for management require a collection of documents and appropriate infrastructure of information and telecommunication technology capable of supplying to the person and various stakeholders of the social security of the relevant information and up to date. The present study has for objectives to propose a strategic transformation of the processing center of the information in a management information system by proposing the main priority axes of urbanization of the information system. At the end of our study we present high level architecture in phases with the orientations of the management of information system which would allow to return agile system and in measure to integrate the systems of the taxes offices and other institutions which manage workers. So are raised the function social security and functionnal cartography of the architecture of the information system of the social securty
Arabic Calligraphy is one of the main artistic features which belong to the identity of the region. While the calligraphy crafts are widely spread recently in the Arab world markets, they belong still into the field of handmade craftsmanship. The developing of mass production of Arabic Calligraphy design will enhance and support the revival of Islamic Art Identity. Only to a limited extend and certain applications the Calligraphy has been introduced to product design: in limited editions or as application on surfaces. Furthermore, the combination product form and letter form is very often limited to the adaptation of existing
This paper provides evidence on the crucial role of women in agriculture and rural development. It presents the results of a research conducted 678 rural women in agricultural farms in western Algeria concerned women
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