In Mexico, the production of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is affected by various diseases including leaf rust (LR) caused by Puccinia hordei Otth. In the spring-summer/2018 cycle, under rainfed conditions and natural incidence of HR, a factorial test was established under a randomized complete block design, in the municipalities of Texcoco and Temascalapa, State of Mexico and Tlaxco, Tlaxcala, to evaluate the effect of two fungicides (Azoxistrobin 11.1% + Tebuconazole 18.4% and Tebuconazole 25%) on the LR control in six varieties of barley. The variables measured were day to heading and maturity (DE, DM), Plant height (PH), Test weight (TW), grain yield (Yield) and final severity of the disease (FDS). Highly significant differences were found for TW, Yield and FDS for varieties, fungicides and localities (Tukey, p≤ 0.05). The most effective fungicide was Azoxistrobin 11.1% + Tebuconazole 18.4% taking FDS of 2% and yield (REND) of 2,757.2 kg ha-1 compared to the non-fungicide check which had 23% FDS and yield of 2,262.7 kg ha-1. The variety with the greatest resistance was ABI Voyager (10MS) and the most susceptible, Doña Josefa (40S). Disease control influenced performance, there were losses of 31% in Apizaco; 20% in Esmeralda; 19% for Doña Josefa and ABI Voyager; Maravilla with 16% and AC Metcalfe 9%. Resistance levels observed together with the use of fungicides will allow a comprehensive control of the disease.

The main objective of this paper is to review microenterprises and their impact on the Ecuadorian economy, as well as the application of the new Microenterprise Regime and its impact on natural persons for the period 2019-2020. Serving as support and guidance on how they should benefit from the new Tax regime for micro-enterprises that has emerged as a result of the new Tax Simplification and Progress Law. Through theoretical contributions from experts, the authors and the review of current regulations affirm that the new system fulfills its purpose, since its correct application will bring benefits to taxpayers, in addition to reducing the income tax rate, reducing year by year the number of declarations and finally, with the entry into force of this new regulation, taxpayers will no longer be considered withholding agents in the commercial operations they carry out. Finally, for this analysis a qualitative and quantitative methodology was used, obtaining as a unit of analysis 242 microenterprises located in the cantonal capital of Daule, to which information was collected through a field survey.

This study is to examine the gap analysis between consumers’ perception (P) and expectation (E) toward the street foods in Surabaya and Bangkok cities. The convenience sampling is used to collect the data totaled as 849 respondents from both cities. The P-E Cartesius gap analysis indicates the quadrants of each questionnaire item. The Paired t-test is used to examine each city’s consumers’ P-E differences. The independent sample t-test examined the P-E differences towards the street foods quality among the cities. The result shows P-E gap towards street foods is higher among the consumers in Surabaya than in Bangkok. The perception towards street foods among consumers in Surabaya is different than in Bangkok, but the expectation of both consumers group is the same. It is suggested street food vendors in Surabaya to increase their product and service qualities as well as prices to meet the expectations.

India is convening the G20 Leaders’ Summit for the first time in 2023. India’s role as G20 President will be crucial for global stability. This paper discusses how the G20 Presidency can shape India’s identity as a global leader and rising power.

Breast angiosarcomas are rare tumors, their diagnosis is difficult and the prognosis is worst. We report the case of radiation-induced breast angiosarcoma. The diagnosis is histological and was only made on the surgical specimen. The treatment was essentially surgical. Through this case as well as a review of the literature, we have made an update on this disease.

The paper investigates cooperative learning method and Students’ Academic achievement in Technical College Metalwork Technology in Lagos state. The study covered four out of five Technical Colleges in Lagos state. To guide the study one research question and one hypothesis are formulated and tested at 0.05 significant level. To guide the study one research question and one hypothesis are formulated and tested at 0.05 significant level and Quasi experimental designed was used for the study. Eight (80) students were randomly sampled from the four technical colleges and assigned to experimental and control groups. A thirty-five Metalwork achievement test (MWAT) adapted from National Board for Business and Technical Education past questions papers was used to assess the students. Validation of the instrument was established by four experts in metalwork technology and reliability of the instrument using person product moment correlation yields 0.89. Data collected were analysed using mean and T-test statistics. The findings revealed that cooperative learning method has significant effect on students’ academic achievement in Metal Work Technology in Technical Colleges. Based on the findings, it was recommended that cooperative learning method should be adopted in teaching metal work technology in technical colleges.

Objectives: To evaluate occupational risks at the Abass Ndao Hospital Center. Methodology: This was an observational, descriptive study conducted in internal medicine in July 2021. Data collection was based on direct interviews and observation of work situations using a pre-established questionnaire containing all the parameters of PRRA in a hospital environment. Results: Out of 118 agents, the sex ratio (M/F) was 0.66 and the average age was 36.49 years. Our agents were medical (35.6%) and support staff (64.4%). Biological products were handled in 35.6% and 38.1% used sharp equipment and recapping was practiced in 31.6%. AES were reported in 9.3% and Covid-19 infection in 8.4%. About 87.2% reported awkward postures. Musculoskeletal disorders were reported in 68.6%, handling of heavy loads in 77.1% and electrical risk in 90.7%. The agents were exposed to irritating (100%), corrosive (60%), toxic (33%) and flammable (100%) products, mainly by the cutaneous, respiratory and ocular routes. Approximately 33.8% of the workers suffered from varying degrees of professional stress and 67.8% declared that they were victims of violence, especially verbal violence. Only 5% said that their remuneration met their expectations. Conclusion: Work-related nuisances are frequent, varied and of varying severity in health facilities. It is urgent to implement corrective and preventive actions to ensure the health and safety of workers and patients.

The Bamboung Community Marine Protected Area is located in the Saloum Delta Biosphere Reserve located in the estuarian part of the Sine-Saloum watershed, administrative region of Fatick. It was set up in 2004 with the aim of preserving marine biodiversity, rebuilding habitats and improving the living conditions of local communities. It was followed by the creation of six other Marine Protected Areas, including 2 in the Saloum Delta Biosphere Reserve. Based on our observations and the results of previous work, we have carried out an evaluation of the criteria retained by the authors for the creation of a geosite in this Marine Protected Area of Bamboung. Thus, the scientific value (representativeness, integrity, rarity and degree of scientific knowledge), ecological, cultural, touristic, socio-economic, scientific and educational values evaluated seem relevant to us. It benefits from a national and regional policy supported by international conventions. However, we recommend to modernize and improve tourist infrastructure, promote effective resource management mechanisms in the polarized area, prohibit or regulate the exploitation of shell middens and further explore the educational side by setting up a secure educational circuit.

This article presents the different problems that Togo faces in its maritime space. The research methodology is based on field survey, observation, literature research and interviews. The talks concerned fishermen, market gardeners of the coastal cordon, resource persons from the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry in charge of the maritime economy, some associations, the authorities of the autonomous port of Lomé, and the Togolese navy. A total of 25 people are being investigated. The data collected was manually analyzed and processed. Excel, Word and ArcGis 10.4 software and allowed text formatting. The results show that Togo’s maritime space is confronted with environmental problems (erosion and pollution), mapping of available natural resources, legal delimitation of the effective boundaries of space, governance of space, problems related to the different actors and conflicts of use and security challenges of space.

Despite the real progress in the field of nutrition in Benin, malnutrition remains a major public health problem in the commune of Karimama. It affects hundreds of children in all its forms. Indeed, the municipality of Karimama has the highest rate of malnutrition in the department of Alibori with 11.9% acute malnutrition and 39% chronic malnutrition among children under five years old according to the nutritional survey. This study aims to determine water, hygiene and sanitation (WASH) behaviors and their influence on undernutrition in children under five. From a descriptive and cross analysis, the absence of a healthy environment, including water, hygiene and sanitation favors infections which create a vicious circle between the living environment and malnutrition. Thus, the factors associated with infections are significantly (p<0.01) related to the source of water supply, household waste management, hand washing and open defecation. Encouraging better integration of WASH actions into strategies to combat undernutrition would considerably reduce the persistence of malnutrition in the commune of Karimama.

A study aimed at understanding the different methods of storage and conservation of cereal seeds was carried out in the locality of Gazawa, region of Far-North/Cameroon. The objective was to determine the local conservation knowledge of farmers in order to preserve the diversity of production plant material and promote sustainable integrated management of plant genetic resources. Based on a methodological survey, question and answers based on target sample of fifty individual persons. It follows that in total 6 varieties of maize (CMS-9015, CMS-8806, CMS-8501, CMS-8704, TZEE-W and EVDT) and 6 varieties of sorghum (CS-54, CS -61, CS-95, Damougari, S-35 and Zouaye) are popularized, maintained. The EVDT varieties of corn and CS-95, CS-61, Damougari of sorghum are kept ex-situ in cold rooms or conservation structures. Optimal dehydration method, warehouse maintenance applied and in conservation structures help to maintain seeds quality and varietal diversity. The only variety of rice recorded was Nerica 3 and 25 collections of pennicilary millet from the Far-North and North of Cameroon, ICRISAT and INERA are being popularized. The local varieties Sectaire (22.85 %), Dadoudou (11.42 %), Farigawa, Salié, Viri by 8.57 %, local white maize (5.71 %) and Panar (2.85 %) are the most appreciated and cultivated by farmers for their organoleptic properties, their nutritional values and their productivity. The local seeds of the farmers are kept with the corn cobs enclosed in the husks, the panicles covered with the powder of the glumes hanging in sheds.

The Diffa region is located in the far east of Niger and occupies 12.4% of the country’s total land area where agriculture, livestock, and fishing remain the main activities of the people living there. As of February 2015, the region hosted more than 24,000 uprooted people, including Nigerien refugees, internally displaced persons in Niger, and Nigerien returnees who were previously living in Nigeria (UNHCR, 2021). The settlement of refugees not only has impacts on the environment but also on economic and social activities. This paper aims to analyze the environmental and socio-economic impacts of refugee activities in and around the camps (Diffa urban commune, Boudouri, Maina Kaderi, and Sayam forage). In order to analyze the impacts (identification, mapping, and observation of impacts in the field), three (3) approaches are used in this work. Surveys, field observations, and GIS and remote sensing analysis. The results show that refugee activities can have impacts on the environment but over the long term (10 to 15 years). Some effects related to soil degradation, destruction of vegetation, and pollution of water resources (quantity and quality) are observed in and around the sites in only 3 years of presence (GIS, remote sensing and field observation). At all sites, a decrease in fallow land, an increase in bare soil, and an increase in human settlements have been observed, signs that can have consequences on the environment. The accumulation of household waste that prevents the proper infiltration of rainwater into the soil and whose runoff carries away essential elements. As for mitigation measures, a strict application of laws and regulations on environmental protection is required.

In the search for new, cheaper and environmentally sustainable sources of protein-rich food, much research has shown the alternative role that insects could play in animal feed. Fly larvae or maggots have been identified as a food source that is very rich in protein, dietary fat, vitamins and minerals. The most commonly used maggots in animal feed are those of the housefly (Musca domestica L. 1758) and the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L. 1758). Different maggot production systems for these two fly species have been developed and others are still being developed in different contexts around the world. The production of these maggots does not require much expenditure as they can be easily obtained from animal and/or plant waste available free of charge or at low cost. This study summarizes the available literature on the methods of production of maggots of these two fly species and their use in animal feed. Also, the zootechnical performance of animals fed with maggots and the importance of maggots were discussed in this study.

Information on genetic diversity is essential in fish conservation programs, the constitution of gene banks and the selection of the most efficient strains. The objective of this contribution is to identify the genetic diversity of wild populations of Clarias anguillaris from river basins in Mali. Eight microsatellite markers (Cba11, Cba19, Cba20, Cga02, Cga06, Cga10, Cm12, Cma17) were used on fins taken from 131 fish. After DNA extraction and PCR amplification, the alleles obtained are separated on a 3% metaphor gel, visualized using the E-Box device. The data was analyzed using Power Marker V3.25 software. The results identified 54 alleles with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.60. The number of alleles per locus varied between 2 (Cba11) and 10 (Cba19). The rate of heterozygosity was between 0.16±0.07 and 0.14±0.05. The average heterozygosity observed was lower than that of the expected heterozygosity, i.e. 0.16±0.037 versus 0.34±0.04. Three genotypes have been recorded. Group 1 consists of samples from Mopti (Niger Basin) and Lake Magui (Senegal Basin), group 2 those from Sankarani (Niger Basin), Lake Magui and the Bafing and Bakoye rivers (Senegal Basin) and group 3 by those of the Bafing, Bakoye and Sankarani rivers. These results indicate a genetic diversity of the species in the river basins of Mali. The information will serve as guidance in conservation programs for Clarias anguillaris in Mali.

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the perception of producers on agro-ecological practices in cotton growing areas in Benin. To do this, data was collected from 300 producers in three municipalities (Banikoara, Sinendé and Djidja) using a semi-structured questionnaire digitized on Kobocollecte. The calculation of the response rates and the ascending hierarchical classification carried out using the statistical software Ri386.4.0.4, made it possible to arrive at three classes of agro-ecological practices according to the perception of the producers. These classes of practices are: lightly restrictive, moderately restrictive and very restrictive. The major constraints are organizational, material, climatic and institutional. The study recommends strengthening the supervision of producers and taking into account the socio-economic characteristics of producers in the promotion of agro-ecological practices in cotton-growing areas.

Place marketing is a discipline that has been growing for about thirty years. Places, at different scales, are now engaged in marketing initiatives, ranging from simple communication campaigns, to more elaborate strategies, and often launching, as for any product, place brands for cities and regions. Place marketing is thus a tool used to make places more attractive, more competitive and unique, but also, increasingly, as a tool of place management. It also serves to boost economic place development, the success of which depends on many factors, namely the proximity, both geographic and organizational, between the various stakeholders. In this article, we will, through a case study of the Moroccan Oriental region, tap into stakeholders and proximity theories, in order to identify the important stakeholders in the region to be mobilized in marketing strategies as well as the proximity types existing between these various players. We will conclude by proposing some recommendations for the success of place marketing.

The study of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the coast between abouakro and assouindé was carried out from the analysis of the average profiles of beaches over the period 2015-2017. This analysis showed that the morphology of the studied beaches is dominated by a rectilinear shape on the Aboukro-Village station, while it alternates between concave and convex shape on all the beaches of Aboukro- Cokiplage at Assouindé-Valtur. The profiles show low slopes (2%) in periods of low marine agitation (December-February) and medium slopes (7%) in periods of strong agitation (July-September). The study of the evolutionary trend has highlighted an alternating dynamic between erosion and enrichment of the beaches depending on the swell climate, which gives a relatively stable character to this area. This stability is disturbed by exceptional swells which cause significant erosion and a notable advance of the coastline with rates of retreat of more than 3 meters.

This article aims to analyze the nature of the misalignment of the exchange rate by comparing its amplitude according to the two exchange rate regimes. To do this, the behavioral equilibrium exchange rate model (BEER) is used and with the help of the PMG estimator of the ARDL model on a panel of 36 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and on the period 1998-2018. The analyzes show that the real effective exchange rates (REER) of SSA countries that have adopted a fixed exchange rate regime are globally misaligned and that there are significant disparities between countries. These results clearly show that the management of the exchange rate seems not to be mastered or that it is not in favor of an export promotion policy. As for the countries that have adopted the flexible exchange rate regime, they tend to have a less misaligned REER. However, some countries such as the Comoros Islands, Guinea, Gambia and Kenya have experienced significant deviations of their REER from its long-term equilibrium. Such a counter-intuitive result shows that these countries seem in fact to practice an exchange rate regime contrary to those officially declared and/or that they are unable to use their automatic stabilizer weapon. As a result, it is imperative for SSA countries to adopt good exchange rate management by opting for consecutive undervaluations in order to promote the growth of the export sector and industrial development.

Banana foutou is a food consumed in Côte d’Ivoire, particularly in the center of the country. It is made by hand and therefore presents enormous possibilities of contamination. The objective of this study is to determine the rates of non-compliance with standards and for certain pathogenic germs and to estimate the risk of exposure by the probabilistic Monte Carlo method. The results of the analyzes carried out on ninety (90) samples showed that thirty-nine (39) were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality (N > 3.105 CFU/g) i.e. a percentage of 43.33% due to the presence of GAM. Similarly, forty-five (45) were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality (N > 10 CFU/g), i.e. a percentage of 50% due to the presence of E. Coli. As for the total coliforms, 20% of the samples presented an unsatisfactory microbiological quality (N > 103 CFU/g) i.e. eighteen (18) samples. Finally, seventy-two (72) samples obtained amounts of Clostridium perfringens above the norm (N > 104 CFU/g), i.e. a rate of 80%. Regarding the level of exposure, the estimate is 45.50% risk of consuming foutou banana containing Total Coliform (TC) levels above the norm. Regarding E. coli, almost 90% possibility of consuming this dish with higher values in this area. The zero risk (0%) is practically zero for Clostridium perfringens because more than 99.99% of bad luck to consume this food with rates higher than its reference value.

Throughout the world, the forest remains the most stressed ecosystem for various human needs. The humid tropical forests found in the Third World are in constant decline due to clearing for cultivation, bush fires and the overexploitation of firewood and charcoal. «In the year 2000, the forest area covered about 3.9 billion hectares, or roughly 30% of the Earth’s land surface, but every year the global forest cover is shrinking» (Lester, 2001). As far as DR Congo is concerned, «wood energy covers 82% of total energy needs and 99% of housing sector needs» (Zins and Kambale, 1989; Gerkens, 1989). Furthermore, «the urban consumption (Kinshasa) of wood as a source of energy led to the disappearance of nearly 16,000 hectares of forest in 1980 and 80,000 hectares in 1985 for the other cities of the country» (Vangu, 1988). «The southern Shaba region alone is losing more than 40,000 hectares of forest per year. The needs of the city of Lubumbashi in energy-wood lead to deforestation of more than 10,000 hectares per year» (Binzangi, 1989). «Households in the city of Kisangani use wood energy for cooking, i.e. 226,908 bags of charcoal per year, i.e. 14,300 tonnes of charcoal per year compared to 1,802,124 bundles of wood, i.e. 60 384 tons per year. Consequently, the total quantity of wood-energy in Kinshasa is estimated at around 4.8 million m3 of wood per year (Projet Makala/CIFOR, 2011)». In the hinterland of Kinshasa, the regressive series at the level of forest formations continues its trajectory in an interrupted manner since the rate of deforestation has already reached 55.81%. Furthermore, the average monthly production of 41 kg wood bundles is 13,800 ± 84.85 while that of 51 kg charcoal is 45,750 ± 49.50« (Mavinga, 2019). These few estimates indicate the extent to which wood energy occupies a prominent place in the lives of the world’s populations in general and Congolese in particular.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the adaptability of mung bean lines introduced in Burkina Faso and to identify favorable environments for its cultivation. The present study was thus conducted on forty-four mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes in two agro-climatic zones of the country, namely the Sahelian zone and the Sudano-Sahelian zone. The experiments were more specifically conducted in three environments of these two agro-climatic zones characterized by an unequal spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall: Pobé, Kamboinsé and Saria. The field trials were conducted during the rainy season using an augmented bloc design with one check. Seeds harvested per plant weight as yield related important trait where recorded and analyzed. The results show that seed yield per plant varied with regards to the environments and to the genotypes. Indeed, the combined analysis of variance revealed the presence of a significant variability and an important influence of the environmental component in this variability. Also, using GGE-biplot analysis, study revealed that the most favorable environments during this mung bean multi-location trial in Burkina Faso where Kamboinsé and Pobé. These are the sites where the best performance in terms of seeds harvested per plant was recorded. GGE-biplot analysis also allowed to identify genotypes that shows specific adaptation to Kamboinsé and to Pobé. These are the genotypes: V 2709; VC 1481A/VC 1560A; NM 94 and 9154 for Pobé in the Sahelian zone, the most arid environment, and genotypes PLM 944; KPS2; Kyungkijaerae 16 and VC 1168D/VC1560A for Kamboinsé a relatively more humid zone.

The objective of this study is to determine the factors associated with the economic empowerment of women in unions, measured in terms of decision-making power on keeping and use of their own income. A cross-sectional, and mixed (quantitative and qualitative), study was conducted from 2018 to 2019. A total of 216 women chosen individually and 5 groups of women in unions in the 6th arrondissement commune of the city of N’Djaména, the capital of Chad, participated in this study. Stratified random sampling and purposive sampling were used. A questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide in focus groups were used for data collection. A logistic link was used to identify factors associated with women’s empowerment. Of the total number of women interviewed (216), 83.3% stated that they decide for themselves on the custody of their income and 86.6% felt that they decided on the use. Women’s power to decide on the custody and use of their income is influenced by factors relating to the pre-marriage environment, the socio-economic status of parents or guardians, husbands and the women themselves. The focus group data shows that women generally believe that decisions made by themselves are necessary to enable them to develop their intellectual capacity, know-how and competence in the face of life’s responsibilities.

Our study is a contribution to the development of a technical reference guides which advice on precautions to take by the road carriers, especially those who do the BITABE-MALUKU axis in Kinshasa province, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In this work, we got hitched to present the Psycho-chemical analysis data and some techniucal facts that can constitute parameters that affect the tire perfomance: The choice of the tire following the destined type of service; The camber angle; The inclination of the axle pivot; The tire mounting; The vehicle mechanical irregularities; Choice of tubing flaps and rim; Inflation pressure control; The pinching and opening; Steering arm angle; The road condition; Whether condition; The unzipping; The wheel rim.

This study is a contribution to the development of a logical troubleshooting flowchart of hydraulic circuit of hydraulic sawmills machines (hydraulic trimmer, hydraulic edger, hydraulic bumper and so on...). The following techniques retained as criteria for the breakdown research and their troubleshooting: Troubleshooting from the operating table, Troubleshooting from the diagram, Troubleshooting from the equation, Troubleshooting from the grafcet. The study showed on one site that the good choice of a troubleshooting technique sufficiently reduces the troubleshooting time of the failure and its repair, and on the other side avoid the prolonged shutdowns of industrial production. However, the troubleshooting is at the same time a technique, a science and an art often difficult to apply (LEFEVRE, 1990, 74).

Insect pests are a major constraint to cotton production. In order to find an alternative to chemical control of Aphis gossypii, the insecticidal effect of Thevetia oil and Top bio (based on neem seeds), was evaluated in the field on cotton aphids and their predators in Benin. Thevetia oil at 0.1 and 0.2 liters per hectare and Top bio at 2 and 3 liters per hectare were tested in comparison with the agri-bio-pesticide used by organic cotton farmers at the rate of one liter per hectare and an absolute control (untreated) in a Fisher block design. The agri-bio-pesticide was derived from neem seeds, indigenous «koto» soap and pili-pili pepper. Observations and measurements focused on the population level of A. gossypii and its predators and then on yield. The results obtained revealed that thevetia oil and Top bio significantly (p<0.05) reduced aphid damage on cotton at their low dose. Cotton plots treated with 1% Thevetia oil had more ladybugs (0.09±0.016) than those treated with Top bio at 2 l/ha (0.02±0.016). Agri-bio-pesticide and Top bio at 2 l/ha reduced the number of ladybirds compared to the «Untreated», while Thevetia oil did not. Thevetia oil and Top bio did not reduce the number of spiders compared to Agri-bio-pesticide and «Untreated». Biopesticides did not reduce the number of ladybugs and ants compared to the «Untreated». These predators can be used effectively as biological control agents in an integrated pest management strategy for cotton using these biopesticides.

The zai system is a traditional agricultural practice used for crops production for water and nutrients management. A study was conducted in Burkina Faso at Kamboinsin to evaluate the profitability of the zai use in cowpea cultivation. Treatments consisted of three levels of drought stress (control, drought stress at seedling and flowering stages), three zai levels (control (tillage); 15 and 25 cm zai depth) and the variety at four levels (Gorom local, Moussa local, KVx396-4-5-2D, Tiligre). The experimental design was a split-split-plot replicated three times. Grain yield and economic data were recorded and cost and returns analysis performed. 25 cm zai depth recorded the highest total variable cost and the control the least. In control conditions, the highest grain yield and net revenue were recorded in 25 cm zai depth for 50% of the varieties and in 15 cm zai depth for the others. In seedling and flowering stages drought stress conditions, the highest net revenue was recorded in 25 cm zai depth, while the lowest was recorded in the control (tillage). The highest benefit-cost ratio was consistently registered in the control (tillage) for drought-tolerant varieties. For drought-sensitive varieties, higher benefit-cost ratio was registered in zai pits in seedling-stage drought stress conditions. The use of manual zai substantial increases cowpea grain yield, but does not consistently guarantee a high economic profit. The mechanical construction of zai could reduce the cost of pits implementation and increase the financial profitability.

The galloping urbanisation observed in developing countries is accompanied by numerous security challenges. Bouaké, the «capital of the rebellion» during the political-military crisis of 2002 to 2011, is increasingly faced with a rise in insecurity in all its forms. The objective of the study is to understand the reasons for the increase in insecurity in the city of Bouaké. Various techniques and methodological approaches were used to conduct the study. These were: documentary research, collection of statistical data, interviews with the heads of the security services and city managers, and a questionnaire survey addressed to households that experience these attacks on a daily basis. The results showed that insecurity is growing, as 35.17% of the heads of households interviewed had been victims or witnesses of aggression, compared to 64.83% who said they had never been victims or witnesses. Secondly, the rise in insecurity can be explained by poor security coverage, the deterioration of roads (47.13%) and unemployment. Finally, the strategies adopted to combat insecurity are ineffective. It is therefore urgent that the state sets up an anti-insecurity brigade in Bouaké, like the one that exists in Abidjan, whose results have so far been reassuring.

The seed germination test is generally used to assess the seeds germination quality. The objective of this study was to determine the germination kinetics as well as the diversity of pepper accessions (Capsicum annuum L.) from the Diffa, region of Niger according to the germination potential. These accessions were collected in 5 Departments of the Diffa region in 2020 and 2022. Thus, the emergence of the seedlings was carried out in vitro according to a device in complete randomized blocks with three (3) repetitions. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant difference between the accessions, for all the parameters analyzed (P˂0.000). The average germination rate which varied from 7.33% for N’guigmi (Ng-047) to 100% for Bosso accessions. Strong correlations were observed between germination rate and germination rate (0.63). The ascending hierarchical classification (HAC) and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a structuring of the accessions into 3 main distinct groups. The G1 group composed of 27 accessions is characterized by a long germination time and a germination time of 50% and by a high germination rate. Group G2 is made up of 10 accessions with a long latency time and 50% germination time. As for the G3 group, it is also made up of 10 accessions with a high germination time and latency time. This study will allow breeders to have a biological base material for further research.

As part of the inventory of the diatomic flora of Séné-Gambia and the reconstruction of the history of Senegal’s estuaries, a sampling mission was carried out along the Saloum estuary in the upstream parts of its three branches which are the northern branch (the main inlet), the middle branch (the Diomboss) and the southern branch (the Bandiala). The samples were taken using a Russian auger. The bottom of the mud has always been reached, but at very variable depths. A total of six cores were made and the study of diatoms carried out. A total of 150 species of diatoms belonging to 70 genera have been inventoried. The most represented genera are Nitzschia (14 species) and Coscinodiscus (8 species). The microflora is dominated everywhere by Cyclotella striata except at Néma Ba where it admits Nitzschia granulata as co-dominant. Euryhaline species dominate everywhere and confirm the dual marine/freshwater influence, the degree of which has varied over time and space. These results, combined with the lithological data, allow the following conclusions to be drawn: (i) the filling deposit of the Saloum estuary, begun in Nouakchottian, is marked by an abundance of sands and a poverty or absence of diatoms; (ii) at the end of the Nouakchottian transgression, the development of the mangrove allows the deposit, in the upstream part of the main inlet, of peat incompatible with the conservation of diatom valves; elsewhere, the sands diminish in favor of lutites and allow the development of diatoms; (iii) between 3500 and 2500 years B.P., primary paleo-productivity and specific diversity increase everywhere and the Bandiala receives fresh water from the Nema River; (iv) after 2000 years BP, the growing influence of the Nema River leads to an increase in oligohalobic forms along the Bandiala; (v) at the top of the sedimentary series, the agitation of the environment caused the deposit of coarse sediments and the absence of diatoms.

Today, 3D geo visualization of flood data is perceived as a more realistic and detailed solution for making decisions regarding flood mitigation and adaptation measures. In this paper, after a multi-criteria comparative study of four virtual globes used in the visualization of geospatial flood data, it is found that CesiumJS stands out the most from the other solutions, with a score close to 100% on all criteria grouped in four categories (visualization, interaction, quality of support and experiences). Using CesiumJS and other libraries, we proposed a 3D web solution to dynamically simulate and visualize floods in urban areas of Cameroon. The main objective of this tool is to strongly involve water experts, policymakers and the general public in flood management. With-out considering a precise 3D city model, this tool, however, represents a good compromise be-tween the quality of flood management and the cost of better Flood Management by an expert.