En el cantón Daule, numerosos jóvenes contemporáneos se enfrentan a un dilema al contemplar la idea de emprender sus propios negocios. Muchos de ellos observan que sus pares están involucrados en la administración y planificación empresarial, pero carecen del conocimiento necesario para gestionar los gastos relacionados con la adquisición de recursos vitales para sus proyectos emprendedores. En esencia, estos jóvenes carecen de competencia financiera y no comprenden cabalmente cómo opera el dinero. El propósito de este estudio es describir la influencia de la educación financiera en las decisiones de futuros emprendedores jóvenes en el cantón Daule y diseñar estrategias informativas sobre finanzas que les capaciten para emprender con éxito. El enfoque de investigación es cualitativo, respaldado por la metodología cuantitativa, y se desarrolla mediante un diseño de investigación de campo. Para recopilar datos, se aplicaron cuestionarios y se consultó información relevante en fuentes documentales relacionadas con las variables de investigación. Este estudio tiene un alcance descriptivo, presentando los resultados en tablas y gráficos para facilitar su comprensión. Se administraron cuestionarios a 200 jóvenes del cantón Daule, cuyos datos son cruciales para diseñar estrategias informativas en el ámbito de la educación financiera, proporcionando conocimientos esenciales y pertinentes para una adecuada gestión financiera en el contexto de los emprendimientos juveniles en el cantón.

This article investigates the feasibility of designing a comprehensive insurance solution without the involvement of insurers or intermediaries. The study begins by the introduction of the blockchain and smart contract concept and their transformative potential on many sectors, of which the insurance market. A novel Peer-to-Peer home insurance model using the parametric concept is presented, answering a real-world issue. To validate the concept, the model is realized on an Ethereum blockchain testbed. Results of the demonstration reveal the feasibility of the solution and the potential of this type of application to streamline insurance processes, enhance transparency, and reduce reliance on intermediaries. This article contributes to the ongoing evolution of the insurance by examining the paradigm shift from centralized to decentralized models. And by addressing the ability of blockchain and smart contracts to realize this shift.

The spatio-temporal dynamic of land use in the Bonoumin and Gourou watersheds, over the last three decades (1990 to 2020), were analysed using Landsat images (1990, 2005 and 2020), remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS). The main objective of this study was to analyse the impact of changes in land use in these two watersheds on stormwater runoff, which is responsible for flooding in the study area. The methodology adopted consisted of first downloading the Landsat images, which were then pre-processed, before undergoing several processes, leading to the classification and analysis of land cover dynamic. Maximum likelihood supervised classification was applied. Thus, the results of this classification showed that over the last three (03) decades, the impermeabilised surfaces in the two watersheds, represented by the medium and highly densified urban areas, have increased significantly, unlike the vegetated surfaces, which have decreased significantly. The increase in impermeable surfaces reduces the capacity for water to infiltrate the soil and increases the amount of runoff. The results also showed that in recent years, the upper reaches of the Bonoumin watershed have come under considerable anthropogenic pressure. This means that in a few years time, there will be a sharp increase in the amount of runoff water in the lowlying areas of this basin, and therefore an increase in the risk of flooding.

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of cocoa-based agroforestry practices on natural soil productivity. The methodology consisted in identifying three cocoa-based agroforestry systems (simple, mixed or complex) guided by the opening of the canopy of various floristic species associated with cocoa trees, in which three 100 m2 plots were randomly set up to inventory the arboricultural species encountered, determine species density and plantation yields. The results identified 17 tree families divided into 27 plant species, of which 55.55% were found in the simple agroforestry system (SAGS), with a density of 55 trees/hectare, 70.37% in the mixed agroforestry system (SAGM), with a density of 155.33 trees/hectare, and 81.40% in the complex agroforestry system (SAGC), with a density of 224.33 trees/hectare. In terms of particle size, the SAGS and SAGC had a silty texture, whereas the SAGM had a silty-clay texture. Major element, trace element and clay-humus complex contents were satisfactory in all agroforestry systems, but in decreasing order in SAGM, SAGC and SAGS. Cocoa productivity was higher in SAGS (403.42kg/ha), than in SAGM (293.61kg/ha) and SAGC (204.68kg/ha). In conclusion, it should be noted that each forest agrosystem has very distinct characteristics and contributes to soil fertility at depths of 0-20cm. Moreover, SAGS is the agroforestry system with the best production and can be recommended during the establishment of cocoa plantations in Côte d’Ivoire.

Today, users of radio frequencies face a double challenge, namely: - Respond to a growing need for communication channels (frequencies); - Maintain good quality of service (Qos). The difficulty results from the fact that the number of frequency (channels) available for radio electricity spectrum allocation is a very limited resource. This constraint imposes optimal and efficient use of frequencies, taking into account all the necessary parameters so as not to increase the probability of interference and also to avoid the malfunction of neigh boring stations. In the Democratic Republic of Congo in general and more particularly the city Province of Kinshasa, the Post and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Congo (ARTPC) has a limited number of usable frequencies in order to cover the needs of potential users.

The aim of this study was to define the molecular variability of three populations of the species Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus. The mitochondrial D-loop gene from 27 specimens was sequenced. Geneious software was then used to analyse and compare the nucleotide sequences obtained. The results showed that there was no difference between the nucleotide sequences of fish from the Bia river and the Aby lagoon. These two populations are therefore similar for the gene examined. However, the nucleic acid molecule of the Ebrié lagoon population differs from that of the other two populations by at least three mutations. On the phenogram, two genetically different sets were identified: specimens from the Bia river and Aby lagoon on the one hand, and individuals from the Ebrié lagoon on the other. The three populations of the Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus species are therefore divided into two ecological siblings depending on the environment in which they live.

This study was conducted to characterize the fish marketing sector of Maradi Municipality. The survey methodology used was sampling of stakeholders (fishermen, wholesalers and retailers) and the selection of survey sites (landing platforms, markets and outlets). The data were collected following surveys carried out with a sample of 130 stakeholders, including 35 fishermen and 93 traders, at two fishing sites (Mawaliya and Sabon Rouwa), a market and outlets in municipalities 1 and 3 of the region. This study shows that in Maradi, fish are mostly marketed as fresh, fried and dried. Only men are involved in fishing, and both men and women participate in the marketing of fish. Four main players have been identified in the supply chain: fishermen, fishers, wholesalers and finally retailers. It has also made it possible to identify the method of acquisition of the fish, the provenance, the method of conservation and processing, to assess prices and to analyse the relationships and organisation of the actors involved in the marketing of the products on the market. Marketing of fresh fish appears to be a profitable activity mainly for wholesalers and fishmongers. In order to improve the distribution of added value at all levels and promote the availability of products to all consumers, the state must actively participate in the social and professional reorganization of stakeholders.

Mobile money is a financial service available on mobile phones. The evolution of mobile telephony in Africa, and particularly in Côte d’Ivoire, has led to the growing evolution of mobile money services. These services have revolutionized the lives of citizens who do not have access to or do not have a bank account. Thanks to the mobile money service, any citizen can now transfer, withdraw or save money and even make payments. However, with the digitalization of systems, users of these mobile money services suffer from cyberattacks thanks to the scale of social engineering. To slow down and fight against this evolution of cyberattacks. In this article, we propose a new multi-factor authentication system in the context of mobile money transactions unlike the two-factor authentication system. We have developed an authentication algorithm for transfers using a password, fingerprint or secret word and a secret code. For direct deposit, we have proposed a system that provides a withdrawal code to the issuer that the recipient must provide upon withdrawal. We also proposed an authentication algorithm for password changes based on the current password and a secret code to provide. These contributions will help curb deposits made by mistake, scams and theft of mobile phones with password theft.

Population exposure to perfluorinated compounds is less well known. These products are found in a myriad of products ranging from food packaging to flame retardant foams, household cleaners and shampoos. Perfluorinated compounds such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other fluorinated compounds constitute pollutants for our living environment. At tiny doses, they are suspected of increasing the risk of fertility disorders or even infertility, reduction in the quantity and quality of sperm, and genetic abnormalities. The development of electrochemical sensors for the immediate detection of these compounds is therefore necessary to prevent any risk of contamination that could lead to irreparable damage. This work involved the development of an electrochemical sensor capable of detecting perfluorooctanoic acid at low concentrations. To do this, a carbon paste electrode modified by phyllanthus amarus was developed. This was characterized by electrochemical methods in the presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The electrochemical methods used are cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. Certain electrochemical parameters such as the influence of the PFOA concentration, the detection limit, the influence of pH, were studied.

The integration of information and communication technologies in the teaching of scientific disciplines multiplies the teaching capacities which makes it possible to approach scientific concepts and notions. In the same context, the use of graphic animations for learning is more and more frequent, especially to show complex, invisible and dynamic phenomena. The main objective of our work is to examine the impact of graphic animations on the learning of innate immunity by third-year college students. To do this, a sample of 66 students was divided into a control group (n=33) and an experimental group (n=33) whose only difference was the use or non-use of graphic animations. The two groups of students took a knowledge test twice: The first before the course (pre-test) and the second after the course (post-test). Statistical analyzes were performed with the independent samples t-test to compare the post-test scores as well as the relative learning gain between the two groups of students. The results showed clearly that the grades and the relative learning gain of students in the experimental group (taught with the animations) are higher and significantly different from those of the students in the control group (taught in the traditional way). This shows that teaching with graphic animations can have a very positive impact on student learning and on improving their academic performance.

This article sheds light on the undeniable significance of Vodoun in Benin as a deeply rooted religious and cultural phenomenon. This anthropological religious practice exerts a crucial influence on both individual and collective levels. The examination of Vodoun in Benin reveals its profound integration into local culture, playing a pivotal role in promoting spiritual well-being and constructive collaboration between authorities and guardians of religious tradition. It constitutes an indispensable pillar of socio-cultural identity, contributing to development and the protection of human rights. According to our findings, Vodoun maintains a close connection with power, endowing it with legitimacy in various aspects, and it holds great importance in educational, social, cultural, economic, and political domains. Taking these elements into consideration, it is universally acknowledged as a foundational religion that encourages harmonious coexistence with other beliefs. It occupies a central place in religious and political culture, thus contributing to the country’s development. Nevertheless, challenges persist, notably the fight against discrimination and the essential promotion of interreligious tolerance. It is imperative for public authorities to actively collaborate with Vodun to address development challenges and promote religious tolerance in Benin, thereby preserving the richness of its religious culture.

This study was carried out in the south-western part of Niger. The study area corresponds to the Niamey region, which straddles the south-eastern edge of the West African Craton and the south-western terminus of the Iullemmeden Basin. The general objective of this work is to determine the context in which the Ct3 deposits were emplaced in the Tondibia, «Rhodesia» and Kongou sectors. Specifically, the aim is to provide a petrographic description of the Ct3 deposits and to characterise the deformation that affected these deposits. The methodology used is based on the macroscopic and microscopic petrographic description of the samples taken and on structural measurements. Three sedimentological sections were taken from the three outcrops selected (Tondibia, Rhodesia and Kongou). The petrographic study of the Continental Terminal 3 (Ct3) deposits identified several facies whose sedimentological characteristics and number varied according to the sectors studied. The facies identified include: kaolinitic sandstones; ferruginous oolitic sandstones; sandstone clays; conglomeratic sandstones; clays intercalated with ferruginous oolitic sandstones; and iron oxide nodule conglomerates. Microscopic observations made it possible to identify several forms of oolitic concretions, namely: type α oolites (Oα), type γ oolites (Oγ), proto-oolites (PO), oolites of type γ (Oγ), oolites of type γ (Oγ), oolites of type γ (Oγ) and oolites of type γ (Oγ). proto-oliths (PO) and composite ooliths (OC). Tectonic analysis has revealed a NW-SE and NE-SW compressive phase of Oligo-Miocene age that affected the deposits of Terminal Continental 3 (Ct3).

The aim of this study, which focuses on beach sediment extraction, is to highlight the impact of these practices on the accelerated erosion of the San Pedro coastline. These practices, linked to the needs of the local population for construction materials, often have catastrophic repercussions. To carry out the work, data on marine sand production was collected, and systematic observation and interview surveys were carried out at the three marine sand quarries in the village of Digboué and at the mouth of San Pedro. This research revealed that both clandestine and official extractions were taking place on a daily basis in these areas. The annual volume of sediment extracted amounts to more than 15,000 m3, not counting clandestine extractions carried out by local villagers, for which the data remain undefined. These activities have disastrous consequences, such as the gradual depletion of sand stocks and a consequent shortage of sediment, which disrupts the equilibrium of the coastal system, causing the coast to retreat and endangering the environment being exploited. Accelerated flooding poses a real threat to the local population. Marine sand extraction causes a great deal of damage and contributes effectively to coastal erosion. It is essential to take defensive measures against this activity.

The exponential growth of Internet traffic generated by a plethora of interconnected apps poses a size challenge, making effective management of incoming requests by a single server difficult, even for the most reputable businesses. To ensure uninterrupted service delivery, IT teams are turning to the deployment of many servers operating inside a distributed system framework. Charge balancing appears to be the best strategy for capitalizing on increasing data traffic, with the dual goal of distributing computation costs over several servers and improving overall infrastructure performance. In order to achieve this goal, a range of solutions, including specialized hardware, dedicated software, or a combination of the two, may be envisaged. The combined use of keepalived with HAProxy has shown a notable reduction in recovery time following a server panel, minimizing stop time to only one second. Furthermore, our investigation reveals that in low-traffic scenarios, the Round Robin algorithm performs better than HAProxy and keepalived, but in high-traffic scenarios, the source IP technique leads. This idea emphasizes how wise it is to evaluate three algorithms and select the best one based on the traffic’s fluctuating bit rate.

The aim of this study was the determination of phenotypic and zootechnical characteristics of the caprine breed slaughtered for butchery in Abidjan city. Thus, a study was done on 160 caprine at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse in the city of Abidjan. Then, the breed, coat colour, age, presence or not of horns, goatee and pendants, as well as the measurements, height at the withers and thoracic perimeter were determined. Descriptive statistics of these variables were produced. Followed by a Chi square test for qualitative variables. Furthermore, an ANOVA was performed for the quantitative variables. The results show that caprine of the Sahelian breed (90%) are more slaughtered than those of the Djallonké breed (10%). Coat colours commonly encountered are black-brown (43.75%) for Djallonké breed and brown-piebald (53.47%) for the Sahelian breed. Caprine breed over four years old age (89.38%) are more slaughtered than others. The tallest caprine on legs are those from Sahelian breed (80.24 cm), males (80.10 cm) and those from 3 to 4 years old age (78.10 cm). The thoracic perimeter was 77.82 cm in caprine of the Sahelian breed, 78.44 cm for males and 78.10 cm for caprine breed over 4 years old age. The height at the withers and the thoracic perimeter are influenced by breed or sex (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the caprine breed slaughtered at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse showed various breeds, sex, coat colours and ages.

Most cocoa growing soils currently have a low level of chemical fertility. This does not make it possible to optimize the development of cocoa trees and ensure sustainable cocoa production. The objective of this study was to improve the fertility of soils under cocoa trees and cocoa production in Côte d’Ivoire. The study was conducted using a completely randomized Fisher block design, with three repetitions over two years. The organic fertilizer «Bokashi» was applied in a crown around the cocoa trees at doses of 0, 2, 4 and 6 kg per year, corresponding respectively to treatments T0 (control), T1, T2 and T3. Soil samples were taken before and after the addition of Bokashi to assess the initial and final fertility of the soil. The average numbers of wilted cherelles, healthy pods, rotten pods, weight of fresh beans and actual and potential yields of cocoa trees fertilized with Bokashi were evaluated and compared to those of the control treatment. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS 9.4 software. The results showed that the addition of Bokashi improves soil fertility and the productivity of cocoa trees. The application of Bokashi also made it possible to reduce the levels of certain elements in the soil such as aluminum, which in very high quantities can be toxic for most plants. The highest actual (1351.05 kg/ha) and potential (1846.8 kg/ha) yields having been obtained with the dose of 2 kg of Bokashi per year and per cocoa tree therefore constitute the optimal dose allowing improve the chemical fertility of the soil and the productivity of cocoa trees.

Anencephaly is a congenital malformation of the nervous system. It’s the most common neurological malformation after spina bifida. Its diagnosis is antenatal and a medical termination of pregnancy is recommended.

Nowadays, satellite rainfall estimation data are used in climate impact studies due to the low density of the rain gauge network in sub-Saharan Africa and the difficulties in accessing data from national meteorological services. However, limitations may exist in the effectiveness of these micro-scale data. Therefore, studies to evaluate the performance of these satellite products are always necessary before their use. This work aims to assess the validity of the rainfall estimation data from «African Rainfall Climatology – version 2» (ARC-2) in the cotton production zone of Mali from 1983 to 2002. The rainfall estimation data were extracted for 10 weather stations and compared to rainfall measurements from these weather stations. Pearson correlation test was used to check the relationship between the two datasets for each station. The comparison of daily rainfall values shows ARC-2 estimated rainfall values very close to the measured rainfall values at the stations, even if the ARC-2 data were found to be sometimes overestimated. The ARC-2 rainfall data also closely follows the annual cycle observed for monthly and annually measured data. The precipitation correlation coefficient between the ARC-2 data and the measured rainfall data is approximately 0.70, with a significance level of 99% at the monthly scale. After calibration, precipitation measured by ARC-2 reproduces almost 99% of the observed data, thus confirming that ARC-2 data can be used for climate studies in Mali.

This thesis allowed us to realize that chemical elements can be well mastered by very young children thanks to a method of well-arranged didactic bridges, i.e. from concrete everyday examples to chemical concepts usually taught at the highest levels.

This thesis allowed us to realize that chemical elements can be well mastered by very young children thanks to a method of well-arranged didactic bridges, i.e. from concrete everyday examples to chemical concepts usually taught at the highest levels.