In our world, the increase of vehicles in each city has been a constant problem causing an misnamed "vehicular congestion", the same that has been fought for each administrative sector, in this article, noting that they are the best tools for creating software that enables recommend solutions in vehicle descongestion, which is vital to a centralized approach fulfilling tasks, optimizing time resources are used to analyze the parameters that influence the vehicular congestion.

In the following article, we seek to analyze parameters that have an impact on vehicular congestion, such as density, speed and intensity, which allow finding certain indicators that may be related to problems raised on roads or avenues, such as: traffic slowness due to failure in synchronization of the traffic lights, the inconveniences caused during peak hours, etc. Using, information collected from media communication (newspaper), and data displayed by INEC, an analysis will be carried out applying formulas related to the mentioned parameters with certain characteristics found in transit, at a national level, including the most important cities how are Quito and Guayaquil.

The cattle form a significant source of income to the population of the South-kivu. In spite of their economic and nutritive importance, they are always victims of the diseases. The results of the research carried out in the grouping of MITI determine the divagation of the animal sources of the zoonose.

This article assesses the short-term macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy on economic activity in Morocco. Over the period from 1990 (Q1) to 2015 (Q4), a structural autoregressive vector (VAR) of five variables is estimated and identified using the recursive approach and Blanchard and Perotti’s approach (2002). The estimates reveal the following main results: (i) an expenditure shock has a positive statistically significant effect between the sixth and twelfth quarter; (ii) the interest rate and inflation react positively to the expenditure shock, but this effect is not statistically significant. ii) A tax revenue shock affects negatively output, inflation, while the interest rate reacts positively. In addition, iii) the fiscal multipliers calculated from the reaction functions indicate that the expenditure multiplier, has a positive sign, but it doesn’t exceed one. In contrast, (iv) the revenue multiplier has a negative sign and exceeds one, indicating that a tax revenues have a greater impact in comparison with expenditures. However, the tax multiplier varies according to the estimated methodology, unlike the expenditure multiplier whose result is robust according to the two identification approaches.

A large body of evidence supports the hypothesis that financial development is a transmission channel of the financial integration-economic growth nexus. While less is known about the impact of financial integration on economic growth. My paper analyzes the analytical framework among financial integration, financial development and economic growth in Morocco as well as the transmission channels between the development of financial markets and economic growth on one side and on the other side between financial integration and economic growth.

This study attempts to model a qualitative endogenous variable whose number exceeds two terms. We address the proper technique, which is the multinomial logit techniquemodel, to measure the impairment in sleep disorder in terms of the IAH. Then, a succinct description of the available data is provided. The main results achieved, applying the multinomial logistic regression, are expected and explained. The two variables (sex of the patient and Clinical snoring), exhibit very high coefficients in exponentials, which demonstrate their importance in distinguishing between the different categories (L, M and S). We propose a procedure for calculating rates of good rankings. In applying this procedure, we get a moderate rate of high good ranking. This positive output can be explained by the construction of the estimated values using the multi-class method in which these values were constructed using the conditional probabilities.

Dans cet article, il est mené une analyse écologique de la notion d’équation dans les programmes de mathématique de 1983 et de 2005 pour la classe de première année secondaire. Elle recherche les habitats et les niches de l’objet de savoir « équations » dans les programmes de 1983 et de 2005.

Le présent article présente une analyse écologique et praxéologique des manuels scolaires utilisés en Première année secondaire en République Démocratique du Congo sur les équations. De deux manuels analysés, le premier, intitulé « Maîtriser les Maths 1 » (MM1) ne présente pas une organisation didactique. Le deuxième, intitulé « Mathématiques 1ère Secondaire » (M1S), organise le moment de rencontre et ressort des types de tâches. Ce dernier prévoit des techniques qui ne sont pas justifiées compte tenu du niveau élémentaire de l’institution. Les deux manuels procèdent à l’institutionnalisation directement après les activités. Ils terminent par des séries d’exercices qui constituent le moment d’évaluation.

The nutritional value and the physicochemical characteristics of the far extracted of the Macroterms mulleri dried and sold at the Kisangani and Mbuji-Mayi market’s. It appears from this study that Macroterms mulleri contein protein, fat, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, cuivre, zinc, and cobalt. The Macroterms mulleri not contain toxic substances The Macroterms mulleri is good food from the population of Kisangani and Mbuji-Mayi (RD Congo).

The nutritionals values, toxics and the physic-chemicals parameters of the far extracted of the flour from caterpillar were determined. The results show that the dried caterpillar is a type of food with substantial nutritional value.

This work on the impact of pollution of Lake Kivu waters on its biodiversity by considering the section of the Independence Square - Kazingo Bukavu led us to make a finding on the decrease in the quantity and quality of fish, as a consequence direct pollution of Lake waters with negative impact on its biodiversity. This pollution of Lake Kivu by streams and rivers results from industry and household waste. Industrial waste is channeled there and households use streams and rivers as a dump. The waters of the Kawa River that cross the entire Greater Kadutu Commune from the West to the East are highly polluted and are of no use without serious treatment beforehand. The most polluted points are downstream of industrial wastewater discharges and all along rivers and streams where all forms of spilled waste end up in Lake Kivu. This water pollution causes olfactory nuisance on a large part of the population who complains of water-related diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera, etc. People settled in the bed of rivers and streams are well aware of floods by the waters that return to their natural bed in the rainy season. These floods are indeed true sources of contaminations because of their high level of pollution. The creation of an Integrated Watershed Management Committee and the construction of a waste treatment plant bringing together all the watershed stakeholders around a table for information and awareness raising for change in behavior, could reduce the flow of waste dumped in Lake Kivu.

The modeling of an interconnecting network with optical fiber aimed to be represented by taking into account some phenomena (characters, forecasting, etc) with the help of mathematical equations or formula. In general way, the simulation of the later enables us to create a virtual laboratory with the help of Matrix Laboratory Software (Matlab) with the possibility of doing the tests at cheaper cost for the benefit of considerable time in relationship with the implementation of macroscopic trial at laboratory.

Tunisian policy for road safety is neither clear nor reliable. Each road organism acts on own its side without any coordination with other stakeholders and therefore without achieving results. This paper aims to facilitate the decision-making process on road safety in Tunisia through the time series analysis of road accidents. The analysis work will allow identifying better the respective weight of the factors associated with the road accident frequency. Methodologically, ARIMA (Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average) model is used to meet our above goal. Moreover, the methodology of Box Jenkins intervenes as a statistical solution to solve the problem of time series analysis. The results show that the time series of accidents are mainly characterized by two different periods in terms of trend. A low decrease in the number of accidents before the revolution (2011) (between 2007 and the end of 2010) and the irregular evolution in the rest of the series. Then, models are developed in accident cases and ARIMA (0, 1, 2) is identified as the best model. A three-year forecast is made using the best model and it shows that the number of road accidents would decrease due to several factors in Tunisia. Consequently, this study shows that the temporal analysis of the time series of road accidents can attract the attention of decision-makers to the importance of the application of key road safety measures in the short, medium and long term as well as the nature of the relationship between the different decision-makers horizons.

Considering the importance of transections in human life, the object of this article is to highlight one aspect of financial transactions, Salam transaction as an example, from the perspective of Islamic fi9h, especially Maliki fi9h and Hanafi fi9h. It examines it through point of view of two famous scholars of these schools, al-Fa9ih Ibn Abd al-Barr al-Maliki and al-Fa9ih al-Samraqandi al-Hanifi. It shows the differences between them, their reasons for that and the choice of their opinion either inside their schools or if they come out of their doctrine. It talks about Salam transection (contract) explaining its concept, terms, conditions, and other sides of it.

La conception européenne de l’innovation sociale associe l’entreprise sociale au secteur de l’économie sociale. Un secteur considéré d’une part, comme innovateur puisqu’il tente de répondre à des besoins ou des aspirations non satisfaits par le marché ou l’Etat et qui est, d’autre part, incarné par la coopérative, considérée comme idéal-type qui reconnait pleinement la dimension sociale dans ses principes et caractéristiques. La coopérative est dans ce sens, une entreprise sociale qui cherche à offrir des produits et des services, qui répond à des besoins sociaux non ou mal satisfaits, qui adopte des pratiques innovantes au niveau du processus de production des biens et services ou encore au niveau de l’organisation du travail et qui associe les bénéficiaires concernés dans les procédures de consultation et d’élaboration des projets. Elle est par conséquent favorable à porter des projets innovants socialement et en contrepartie est susceptible d’être impactée par ses derniers. Ce disant, il existe une relation transversale entre coopérative et innovation sociale. Dans cet article, nous proposons d’apporter quelques éléments théoriques de la relation étroite entre innovation sociale et coopérative. Pour ce faire, nous allons nous appuyer sur deux revues de littérature. Une première sur l’innovation sociale conçue d’après les bases de l’analyse schumpétérienne. Une deuxième sur la relation qui lie innovation sociale et coopérative.

Are postcolonial African States monarchies or republics disguised as monarchies ? That is the question that guides us in this article. We started our analylis from the observation of what has been happening in the African republics since independence : the presidential power that goes from father to son (Republic Democratic of Congo, Togolese Republic, Gabonese Republic) and the extravagant longevity of some African presidents to the presidency (Muammar Gaddafi : 41 years, Omar Bongo : 41 years … Teodoro Obiang Nguema : 38 years …). By observing what is happening in Africa, the postcolonial African States, although bearing the name of republic, are in reality neither republics nor monarchies. The postcolonial African States are not republics because public life escapes citizens who must elect their leaders for specific mandates, who must do the democratic control and who must express freely on the management of public affairs. But the postcolonial African States are not monarchies either because policies are still in competition ; elections are still organised, even if in many cases they do not lead to regime change. In reality, the postcolonial African States are monarchies disguised as republics or republics defrocked. Better, they are monarchical-republics. The possibility of overthrowing the government by elections does not exist, only assassination, rebellion, or armed uprising can contadict the principale of indefinite continuation at the head of the State. Hence the rise of internal armed conflicts in Africa.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the vitamin D status of 495 patients in the Souss Massa region of Morocco. At the same time, it aims to verify the existence of a possible association between vitamin D serum concentrations and certain anthropometrical parameters including age, sex, body mass index, percentage of body fat, fat visceral and waist circumference. The mean the vitamin D serum in the patients is 15.92 ± 8.04 ng / ml. Participants with adequate vitamin D status are 5.45 %. 19.80 % have a deficiency, 50.51 % have a deficit and severe deficiency concerns 24.24 %. The average vitamin D serum concentration is significantly higher in men than in women (p <0.0001). Following several linear regressions to check the influence of each variable on vitamin D status, BMI and BFD significantly contribute to the prediction of vitamin D status (p < 0.05). This study identified some associations between the vitamin D serum levels and the anthropometric parameters of our sample, in particular, age, body mass index (BMI), body fat (BF), waist circumference (WC). Our results confirm the hypothesis that obesity, BMI and BFD are inversely associated with low vitamin D status. Further studies are needed to address the nutritional, environmental and genetic aspects of hypovitaminosis D in the Moroccan population.

The aim of this study is to make the qualitative and quantitative inventory of the fish population settlement of Kaby Lake. It was conducted every month from May 2017 to April 2018 on Lake Kaby in Bongouanou, in Côte d'Ivoire. Its objective is to characterize the fish fauna. To do this, experimental fisheries were made there, by means of a battery of six monofilament nets of meshs 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 60 mm. In this context, four (4) species, divided into three genera and three families, including Oreochromis niloticus (an introduced species), have been inventoried. The results of the study show that the fish population of Lake Kaby is dominated by Clariidae, with two (2) species accounting for 50% of the total fish fauna of this lake. In addition, the Cichlidae and Channidae families are monospecific, representing 25% of the population for each. Finally, this stand remains predominantly dominated by the species Oreochromis niloticus with 90.5 %, representing 76.43 % of the total biomass. Thys study allowed to make the first qualitative and quantitative inventory of the fish population settlement of Kaby lake. These results will serve as a reference for future investigations of this fish fauna and the development of appropriate arrangements to ensure the protection and sustainable exploitation of the services of this lake environment.

The behavior of Fe500-3 iron was studied in the interstitial solution of mortar concrete, formulated from sand, cement, water, admixtures and in the presence of a clay (attapulgite) added as corrosion inhibitor. Indeed, in most cases in Senegal, mixing water and sand used in concrete formulations for buildings are subject to no treatment. The study solution was synthesized from these concretes at the 3rd, 7th and 28th day of wet cure. Fe500-3 iron corrosion tests in the interstitial concrete solution were carried out by monitoring the free corrosion potential, Tafel polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement. The protective power of attapulgite was also evaluated by electrochemical methods with different levels of inhibitor (0 to 20%). The measurements reveal a probable attack of Fe500-3 iron at the 3rd and 7th day of cure in the absence of inhibitor and the protective effect of the interstitial solution of the concretes without inhibitor at the 28th day of cure by the formation of a protective layer on the iron surface. The results also showed the corrosion inhibition effect of the clay on the 3rd and 7th day of cure by the formation of a protective film on the surface of the metal. The layer thickness increases with the content of the clay. A maximum average inhibitory efficiency of about 87.8% was obtained at the 7th day of cure at the 20% clay content.

Senegal has at its disposal a lot of mineral deposits among which the clay. This material is usable mostly in the production of pottery, the manufacture of bricks or tiles. Nevertheless, the increasing use of some natural aggregates in construction, more accurately gravels like basalt as well as limestone, could expose them to depletion. It is within this framework that our research, which is about the thermo-mechanical study of clay gravel-based concrete, has been developed. It consists of replacing common gravels with expanded clay aggregates. To that end, we have tested the clay of Thicky, which the SOFAMAC factory uses to manufacture its building materials. We used different methods to get expanded clay aggregates at different temperatures. We also did the characterization of these expanded clay aggregate as well as that of clay concrete. The results obtained from the gravels have been compared with those from common concretes. They indicate that the use of these gravels bring satisfactory results when they undergo an adequate transformation.

Togo is a country where rice is grown. Quick and easy to cook, rice is a cereal of city dwellers. But in the city of Lomé, local rice is fiercely challenged by Asian, Western and even other African imports. Although local production is insufficient to meet domestic demand, there is still some Lomean’s disaffection with Togolese rice. To understand this situation, qualitative research was conducted targeting the main players in the rice sector and consumers. The results reveal that most Lomean eaters show disinterest in local rice because of its appearance, taste and smell. Also, the adoption of imported scented rice is a way for the middle and upper classes of Lome citizens to enhance their social rank.

The Mokali and Tshuenge rivers are located in North-East ant at 20 km in the centre of Kinshasa. For well to know the nature of pollutions of each river, the chemicals and physics and analysis have been realised. This study was realised from water taken in five points of sample by river and by season. The bacteriological and chemicals analysis has proved the pollution of these both watercourses. Whereas the chemicals and physics analysis have showed that these rivers are not polluted.

The objective of this study is to have a real knowledge by locality of dynamics and the propagation mode of the bush fires in time in space. To achieve our goal a methodological approach was adopted by a use on the one hand satellite images and software of SIG for the image processing and on the other hand cards of investigations for the talks, the GPS for the localization of the CVD (Village Committee of Development), of the mowings for the collection of herbaceous biomass and of the compasses for the determination of the transect. This work was supplemented by investigations into the ground and that made it possible to determine on average 10000 hectares which burn each season is to say October to May with reduction (controlled fire) for the period from October at November. The study highlighted on the one hand that late fires intervene in second half of the dry season to reach significant proportions in February and Mars and on the other hand that the occurrences of fire are observed in the South of the district where is the classified field.The estimate of the vegetable biomass is obtained starting from a correlation of the data to the level satelitte to extract the Index from Vegetation by the Standardized Difference (NDVI) of the channels red and near infra-red to the imagery of the year corresponding and the data of ground for the determination of the herbaceous and woody production to the level of the sites of control on the ground. Each more than 60% of the total production of the vegetable biomass disappears under the action of fires.

Introduction: As a consequence of the discovery of numerous abnormalities in the prescription of biochemistry emergency parameters, the objective of this work was to establish an inventory of the emergency prescriptive practices within hospital departments of Ibn Rochd university hospital of Casablanca, for possible corrective actions. Material and methods: A prospective transversal descriptive study was carried out on all the biochemical assessments prescribed during the guards (nights and weekends) and done in the laboratory of biochemistry of UH-Ibn Rochd of Casablanca, from June 1st to October 31st, 2015. The statistical analysis was done on Excel. Results: During the study period, we received 9020 biochemical assessments with 73216 parameters. About 12% of these assessments were prescribed by non-emergency departments (and 88% by emergency departments). We found that non-emergency parameters were prescribed with a relative high frequency such as lipid status (triglycerides accounted for 0.48% of prescriptions (n = 352), total cholesterol 0.45% (n = 330) and LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol 0.3% (n = 220). In addition to this, 90% of the prescriptions were sent without clinical information. Discussion and conclusion: This study revealed dysfunctions concerning the prescription of emergency biochemical assessments. For this purpose, a clinical-biological collaboration is necessary to implement corrective actions such as the drafting of prescription procedures of emergency assessments.

The objectives of the study were to determine the specific richness and abundance of the fish population of Joal Fadiouth's Protected Marine Area (MPA) in Senegal. To obtain a representative view of the spatial distribution of the fish fauna of the Joal-Fadiouth MPA, we chose to sample at three sites in particular the Gaskel, Church and Mbar Assane stations. Experimental fisheries are conducted between 2014 and 2015 during the four hydrological seasons of each year, including cold (April), cold warm (June), warm (August) and cold (November). Three types of fishing gear, namely a purse seine (ST), an encircling mesh (FME) mesh 12 mm stretched and a longline (P) were used separately from one station to another, each station. It allowed us to identify the different species and their distribution in the MPA. A total of 70 species were recorded between the different experimental fishing stations in both zones. These species are divided into 60 genera belonging to 38 families. The species of Sciaenidae and Carangidae are the most numerous with respectively 9 and 7 species, followed by Sparidae, Clupeidae and Tetraodontidae with 5 species for the first and 3 species for each of the other two.

This study intends to see the temporal and spatial evolution of groundwater salinization at the northern and western zone of the CT aquifer in the Sine-Gambie region (Senegal). To do this, a hydrochemical study was conducted in 2015 and compared with previous studies (2000 and 2012). This study is essentially based on the two parameters, electrical conductivity and chloride content. The results obtained show that the evolution of salinity observed in these areas is explained by a contamination of the groundwater by the waters from the Saloum River and the sea. The comparison of groundwater electrical conductivity maps showed a salinity increase between 2000 and 2015; with a salinization phenomenon which increases toward inland in phase with chloride levels that doubled in some wells. The study also shows that several calcium bicarbonate facies have evolved to calcium chloride facies, and calcium chloride facies to chloride sodium facies.

The objective of this study was to find the daily dose that could be safely consumed during the gestation period. Moderate doses of alcohol were administered to rats during gestation and the effects on the memory of progeny were assessed. The data indicate that from 0.3 gram per liter, any dose of alcohol becomes potentially harmful to the health of a fetus. Below this dose (0.1 grams per liter), even if the results obtained are not different from those of the controls, it is necessary to remain cautious since this study appreciates only one aspect on the memory. Indeed, there may be abnormalities on other functions with a daily consumption of 0.1grams per liter. It is therefore important to stress that the most cautious recommendation is abstinence throughout pregnancy because the dose limit Remains unknown.

Morocco, and since its independence, has adopted a political and economic approach of opening up to neighboring countries by working for the development of multilateral relations on the economic and social levels. Through this article, we try to analyze the role that the sector of the social and solidarity economy can play in the economic and social dynamics of ECOWAS. We also want to evaluate the potential that the Moroccan cooperative and artisanal sector can get from the integration of this African economic area. Marketing can be a tool for penetrating this space that is interesting to be examined.

Traditionally, a cut-test is used to assess the cocoa fermentation degree for a quality control aims. However, this method is subjective and presents several drawbacks. In this paper, a reliable machine vision system was proposed to automatically identify and classify cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.). The approach developed in this study uses color features and a support vector machine-based method for cocoa beans classification according to the fermentation degree. To outline this approach, firstly, images were acquired, and beans were separately identified from the background. After that, color features were extracted in each component of RGB, HSV and YCbCr color spaces and were used to describe cocoa beans fermentation degree. Then, a selection procedure of the best cocoa beans descriptor combination was developed. Finally, SVM model was built to discriminate unfermented, partly fermented and well fermented cocoa beans. This model was 10-fold cross-validated to ensure its stability. Using selected descriptors, our approach had a discrimination rate of 100% in both training and prediction set. The results show that, machine vision system coupled with SVM model can rapidly, accurately, and reliably discriminate cocoa beans according to the fermentation degree compared to the traditional classification methods.

A study was conducted for eight weeks (July to September 2015) in the city of Niamey, to characterize the technical conduct of ruminant farms. It involved two hundred and five ruminant farmers (small ruminants and dairy cattle), six livestock feed dealers and the five communal managers of livestock services. This study shows that almost all ruminant farmers (91.70%) are men, (90.73%) married, (48.29%) aged between 31 and 50 years. With regard to rearing diversity, seven types of herds were observed: cattle (23.41%), sheep (18.04%), goats (0.97%) cattle-sheep (19.51%), cattle-goats (10.24%), cattle-sheep-goats (20.00%) and sheep-goats (7.80%). Food used to feed ruminants consists of natural pastures, crop residues, agro-industrial by-products and kitchen by-products. Regarding the mode of reproduction, it is the free projection which predominates with a touch of artificial insemination in cattle urban dairy farming. Outside food (main constraint confirmed by 100% of respondents); these are flights 31.62%, lack of space 27.62%, diseases 30.15% and the absence of technical extension agents 30.15% which limit the development of this breeding.

This article is contribution on the digital analysis of the RLC model of the earth connector. The RLC model of the earth connector was feigned on MATLAB. These simulations were made with the horizontal earth connector and the vertical earth connector with a ground of resistivity 1000Ω.m and on the other hand with a ground of resistivity 2000Ω.m. The results obtained by feigning on MATLAB both electrodes show that earth connectors must be buried in depths superior or equal to 6 meters. The relevance of this article, it is to help to determine the depths to which the earth connectors of the model RLC can be buried.

This study examines the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on the relation between corporate governance mechanisms and cost of debt for a sample of American firms. Our results show that the cost of debt is positively related to board size in the pre-SOX period. However, creditors become insensitive to board size, after SOX. We also find that the negative effect of board independence and institutional ownership on the cost of debt is more strongly in the post-SOX period relative to the pre-SOX period. This evidence demonstrates that the quality of control of these actors is improved following SOX. The positive effect of managerial ownership and duality on the cost of debt weakens after SOX highlighting a reduction of managerial power after 2002. Moreover, audit committee characteristics (size, meeting, independence and expertise) became after SOX effective mechanisms, for creditors, that enhance the quality of financial information and negatively affect the cost of debt. Finally, the results don’t show a significant relationship between the nomination and compensation committee exempt of CEO and cost of debt over the two periods of the study.

Introduction: The occurrence of pregnancy on a scar uterus is characterized by its high incidence, multiple complications, high rate of morbidity and maternal-fetal mortality. The aim of this work was to evaluate the maternal prognosis during delivery on scar uterus in a poorly equipped environment. Methodology: This is a retrospective and descriptive study with exhaustive sampling carried out in 2 years. Our study’s population was constituted by all pregnant women with previous caesarean section scarring uterus who gave birth in the obstetric department of Matanda Hospital in Butembo City. Results: Scarred uterus deliveries accounted for 20% of all deliveries; 26.8% of parturient had a antecedence of vaginal delivery; 39.6% of parturient had severe pelvic narrowing as an indication of anterior caesarean section; and 49.3% had uterus once scarred, 26.9% uterus twice scarred and 14.7% uterus thrice scarred. 72.8% of parturient had an inter-reproductive interval between 13 and 24 months; 98.1% had term pregnancies. Thirteen percent of parturient had a uterine test, among which 41.2% had given birth vaginally; 8.8% of cases of pre uterine rupture and 5.9% of cases had acute fetal distress. No maternal mortality were recorded. Early neonatal mortality was 1.5% of cases and half of the cause of death was acute fetal distress followed by respiratory distress and neonatal infections. Conclusion: The birth on scar uterus is common. The decision of the delivery modality to be proposed should take into account factors concerning the obstetrical antecedents, the data of the current pregnancy, but also the choice of the parturient after being informed of the risks and benefits of each delivery pathway. We propose here the application of the MOMAT score for the prediction of the failure of the uterine test.

Situated at the “heart” of Abidjan, the National Park of Banco (NPB), is the rare relics of moist dense rainforests, coveted everywhere. Therefore, the present study suggests estimating the structure of the vegetation of this protected area in consideration of the demographic pressure and the urbanization. To achieve, the National Parc of Banco has been subdivided into four (4) sectors (North, West, Central and East). Linear transects of 500 m long and 10 m wide were installed in the sectors. Along these transects, all woody species with dbh ≥ 10 cm were inventoried in the sectors. Depending on the dbh measurement, individuals were grouped into different diameter classes. The floristic inventory revealed a total of 146 woody species divided into 111 genera and belonging to 21 families. The Meliaceae family is the most abundant species. The density of the trees of the park was estimated at 257 individuals/ha with an average of 19.31 to 31.45 individuals/ha about the sector. Concerning the basal area of the PNB, it was estimated at 40.59 m²/ha. Furthermore, this study revealed the most abundant of individuals with a dbh belonging to the lower classes of diameter on those of the superior classes, with a preponderance of microphanerophytes and mesophanerophytes. Although the PNB is coveted everywhere, the results of this study reveal that it still has a relatively well-preserved structural diversity.

The model HEC-HMS 3.5 has been applied to calibrate (from 2004 to 2008) and validate (from 2009 to 2012) with a daily time step, to offer the chance for describe hydrology in a Mediterranean watershed "Oued Laou" located in northern of Morocco. We based this study on two complementary approaches; observation and trend detection in the site and hydrological simulation using the HEC HMS model, these two approaches are reinforced by remote sensing, also the geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were used to determine the geometric and hydrological parameters required to estimate the parameters of the model. The model performance measured in the output of simulation give satisfactory results with an average Nash greater than 70%. We note that the model tends to underestimate volumes as well as flood peaks. These results lead to a realistic modeling of the hydrological processes in the Laou watershed and could fill a lack of information concerning the hydrological functioning of this basin. This study shows that the hydrological model HEC-HMS 3.5 can be used to model the Laou river basin, also in other similar contexts.

This work studies the consumption by population of Dabakala and Niakara of yam, cassava and groundnut foods. The survey sample of the population was random and was composed of 400 persons (56% women and 44% men) belonging to different ethnic groups. The results of the survey show that 97%, 93%, 96% of the surveyed population consume respectively yam, cassava and groundnut and there is not significant difference according to the cities. Of those, 79 % of the population prefer pounded yam and 57% prefer boiled yam. Cassava is more consumed as attiéké 86% and placali 46%. 83%, 55%, 35% of the population consume respectively groundnut as sauce, roasted with hull and fresh. These foods are consumed regularly by the population in proportions of 265.3 g/day/pers for yam, 197.1 g /day/pers for cassava and 161 g/day/pers for groundnut. This consumption varies according to the sex (pounded yam, boiled groundnut and roasted with hull) and according to age (pounded yam and attiéké).

The phytochemical investigation carried out on five medicinal plants of Ivory Coast, used in the traditional treatment of the tooth decay first focused on the research of their chemical composition. The latter has resulted in the demonstration of several biomolecules (sterols, flavonoids, tannins, etc.), which have signed a good antioxidant profile. In a second time, it was devoted to the quantification of certain phytophenols. The results of this work indicated variable and significant levels overall. The stems of Ximenia americana exhibited the best antioxidant activity, which activity is dependent on its total phenolic compound rich (8802.94 ± 298.54 μgEAG / g), total flavonoids (18.39 ± 0.87%) and condensed tannins (99,369 ± 1,485 μgECT / mg).

Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of syphilis among blood donors in a Rural Health Zone in north-eastern DR Congo (Isangi). Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in the Rural Health Zone of Isangi from January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2017 involving 814 blood donors. Results: 814 blood donors were counted including 725 males (89%) and 89 females (11%), a sex ratio M / F of 8.14. The majority of blood donors were 17-25 years old (44%) and 25-35 years old (32%) with a mean age of 32.3 ± 8 years. Family blood donors were the majority (90%). The seroprevalence of syphilis was 1.7%. This seroprevalence was higher among young, male, living alone, family, illiterate and primary and non-professional blood donors. No epidemiological parameters studied were significantly associated with the seropositivity of the antibodies sought. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of syphilis was low in blood donors in the Rural Health Zone of Isangi. This seroprevalence would be underestimated because of the use of a single rapid diagnostic test (RPR) in screening blood donors. The improvement of transfusion safety in the Rural Health Zone of Isangi should be directed towards the abandonment of the family donation, the promotion of the voluntary donation, the organization of the donors in "clubs" and their loyalty.

Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis B and C and HIV among blood donors in the Isangi Rural Health Zone. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in the rural health zone of Isangi from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2017 involving 814 blood donors. The parameters of interest were sociodemographic characteristics and biological results (HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis) using rapid diagnostic tests. Results: 814 blood donors (family and volunteers) were collected, including 725 males (89%) and 89 females (11%). The majority of donors belonged to the age groups of 17-25 years (44%) and 26-35 (32%) and was family donors (90%). The prevalence was 1.7%; 3.2℅; 0.85℅; 3.5% for syphilis, HBV, HIV and HCV, respectively. No epidemiological parameters studied were significantly associated with the seropositivity of the antigens sought (p <0.05). Conclusion: Seroprevalences of infectious markers were relatively low among blood donors in Isangi. These seroprevalences would be underestimated because of the use of rapid diagnostic tests. But they would reflect a difference in epidemiology of infectious agents between rural and urban areas. Improvement of transfusion safety in rural areas should be directed towards the abandonment of family donation, the promotion of voluntary donation, the organization of donors into "clubs" and their loyalty.

Menthone, is a monoterpene ketone, occurs in nature and widely present in high concentration in mentha species essential oils. Also, it has become the key to the synthesis of many heterocyclic compounds exhibiting various kinds of biological activity. The objective of the present work is to synthesize new menthone derivative compounds such as menthopyrazole (HPM) and 1-phenylmenthopyrazole (PMP) by condensation of hydroxymethylenementhone with hydrazine and phenylhydrazine, respectively. The structures of these compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra.

The wild hosts of Achaea catocaloides Guenée, in the cacao crops, in the departments of Toumodi and Taabo, have been inventoried on thirty surveys in order to identify them and propose effective control strategies against this new enemy of cocoa-culture. Phytosociological studies have been conducted to achieve these objectives. At the end of this work, 61 species were identified. They can be divided into 55 genera and 32 botanical families. Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae are the most represented families. Nineteen species have a higher frequency 80 p.c. Vines and tree species are most numerous because the agro-forestry practiced in the area. The synthesis of the results allowed proposing short-term and long-term control strategies. In the immediate future some big trees should be cut as they are the host of these insects while the long- term control strategy is essentially preventive.

In Cameroon, mycoparasitic strains of T. asperellum used in biocontrol of cocoa black pod disease have shown inconsistencies in their effectiveness. One possibility to optimize their performances is within the frames of the integrated management programme involving a combination of chemical and biological control methods. However, implementation of such an approach strongly relies on the compatibility between the biocontrol agents and the conventional synthetic fungicides. This study aimed to assess in vitro the compatibility between two antagonistic strains of T. asperellum (PR11 and PR12) and six fungicides (Ridomil, Penncozeb, Beauchamp, Nordox, Golden Blue and Kocide) approved and regularly used to control P. megakarya. These strains were cultured on PDA media supplemented with five different concentration levels (0, 0.01, 0.1, 10 and 100 % of the recommended field dose) of the above-cited fungicides. Effects on conidial germination, vegetative growth and conidial production were measured to evaluate the compatibility between the tested fungicides and the T. asperellum strains. Results showed an almost complete inhibition of conidial germination for the highest concentrations for all the fungicides. Vegetative growth and conidiogenesis were also significantly affected by the recommended field dose for all tested fungicides. The physiological parameter index used to classify compatibility showed that all tested fungicides are incompatible with both strains of T. asperellum at recommended field doses. According to the results reported in this study, the synthetic fungicides used to reduce the incidence of cocoa black pod disease have negative effects on both antagonistic T. asperellum strains PR11 and PR12. This suggests that their use in conjunction with T. asperellum as part of a disease control scheme would only be possible at sub-optimal concentrations.

Grewia coriacea Mast. (Malvaceae) is fruiting tree of the Congolese spontaneous flora used in traditional pharmacopee to cure several pathologies. Its fruits are clustered and very appreciated by local populations for the jus their produce. They are green when unripe and become blackish red at the gustatory maturity. Given this change of color we aimed at assessing the total polyphenols and flavonoid content in the epicarp, the mesocarp and nuts of the fruits at various stages from physiological maturity, maturiy, early gustatory and gustatory maturity from dosage on the spectrophotometer. Based on the importance of phenolic compounds in treatments of several pathologies, this approach would provide an indication to consumers and trade-therapists using the fruits. Results showed the richness of the phenolic compounds in the fruits of G. coriacea which are more stocked at the gustatory maturity nevertheless the fruit period or the maturity stage considered. The aqueous solution better extracts total polyphenols with 11.47 mg EAG/g MS followed by the hydroethanolic extract with 9.1 mg EAG/g MS. Similarly, the aqueous and hydroethanolic solutions extract very well the total flavonoids with 21.46 mg EAG/g MS and 22.60 mg EAG/g MS respectively. Fruits of G. coriacea can be considered in this study as a source for phenolic compounds which have beneficial effects on the human organism notably in reducing the risk for development of several pathologies.

The inventory, drawn up on the the whole garden, has permitted us to obtain 541 individuals distributed into 221 species, 60 families and 31 orders the studied florura contains a high content of spermaphytes. Angiosperms, almost alone, constitute the flora of this entity. Phanerophytes are largely dominant; the type of the species Diasporas is mostly sarcochores or fleshy Diasporas. Accordingly, 93species identified beforehand have disappeared from the garden due to lack of medium adaptation, and 16 other species are considered as newly settled since they are not mentioned in previous works.

This communication aims to examine the concept of time in its empiric, abstract or philosophical representations which can interest the historian. For that purpose it questions the a priori and the reality of time as it can understandingly conceive by an individual or a group on the one hand and in relationship with the historians’ needs in methodological and epistemological fields on other part. It therefore explores the responses to the difficult question to know what time is in itself and for oneself. In other words, this paper sketches the reflection at a time on the phenomenological and ontological extents and attempts to discern their implications in research and writing according to historian viewpoint. In other words, it approaches the practices that history can make of the various conceptions of time. It is a manifold approach thinking that is elaborated from the poetic, philosophical and scientific texts. As results, I can state that there are various conceptions and significance of time and historians have to take them in account.

The purpose of this work lies within the scope of the valorization of the traditional foods of the Democratic Republic of Congo in general and the province of Haut Katanga in particular and aims at the evaluation of the food value of the edible caterpillars of Lubumbashi city and its surroundings and the popularization relative data for their rational and equitable consumption. The determination of moisture, proteins, lipids, sugars, ashes, minerals and the energy value was carried out according to usual techniques. Four species of caterpillars have been analysed. These were black binkubala ( Imbrasia oyemensis), yellow binkubala ( Imbrasia truncata), masamba ( Cirina forda), and tunkubio ( Notodontidae sp1) of which the major nutrients contents varied: moisture 4,90 %, proteins 50,09 to 53,81 %, lipids 19,80 to 21,5 %, glucids 7-8 %, ashes 4,5-5,5% and energy 410,16-457,14 Kcal. Thus from their food value, edible caterpillars of Lubumbashi are more rich in proteins and lipids than soyas, groundnuts and meat. And they can easily combat proteinic and calorific malnutrition.

With through this research, we proceeded by the compilation of the nutritional data relating to the edible caterpillars in particular the composition out of proteins (and acids amino), in lipids (and acid fats), of ashes (and minerals) concerning four species of the caterpillars of which Imbrasia oyemensis, Imbrasia truncata, Cirina forda and Notodontidae sp1.At the end of this one we passed to the description of the nutritional and therapeutic potential as of those for a strict and rational consumption as well as any other rich food in protein and lipid and particularly those of animal origin which are the fish, the egg and the meat or their derivatives.

The aim of this paper is to examine the context of the decentralization in Morocco, its evolution, the objectives and the finalities of this process, as well as the modalities and rules of administrative division. In addition, it analyzes the impact of decentralization on public and fiscal policies, and on economic growth. A detailed analysis of local finances and the role of each administrative level is presented. This analysis shows that Morocco has to ignore the regional identity during the administrative division, which will provoke conflicts and social risks. For local finances, transfers of resources to local authorities remain low. In terms of sharing tax resources, there is a lack of harmony, communication and information sharing between the different levels and the state. Our contribution will focus on the issues of administrative division, spatial optimum, regional balance, good governance, autonomy and regional taxation, as well as the division of powers. This paper also attempts to analyze the constraints and assess the potential of the regions. Finally, it seems that the speed of application of the process is slow.

The Katanga Province had an electricity shortage that makes it difficult to exploit the region’s mineral resources. To counter this situation, the government authorities propose the rehabilitation of existing hydroelectric power stations or the construction of other. This strategy has the drawback of causing ecological imbalance through the destruction of fauna, flora and the pollution of water and air. The emission of greenhouse gases also becomes inevitable. Thus, this article aims to draw the Congolese Authorities ‘attention to the disadvantages of such a strategy.

In this paper, we propose a method for determining the frequency band of study of a kenaf-based material in frequency modulation. The impacts of depth and heat exchange coefficients at the front and rear faces, are highlighted in the dynamic frequency regime.