The toxic impact of heavy metals contamination on soil have been emphasized in the past year, however, the risk of soil contamination in forest areas cannot be neglected. The purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration and distribution of seven major elements (Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca and Fe) and the potential ecological risks of three metals (Mn, Cu, and Zn) induced by human activities after the conversion from natural forest (NF) to plantation forest (PF). The result showed that the average metal concentration followed the order: Fe>K>Al>Na>Ca>Mg>P>Mn>Cu>Zn. Mn and Cu were strongly influenced by soil disturbance. All sampling sites were considered as slight pollution (1≤PI<4) and as low potential ecological risk index for individual metals (<40), and the environment (RI<65). Contamination with Mn, Cu and Zn was uncontaminated to moderately contaminated (0

The objective of this work is to capture the evolution of the urban spot (land use) of the city of Annaba (Algeria), between 2001 and 2019, through the diachronic analysis of satellite images, remote sensing indices and geographic information systems.The City of Annaba, like Algerian cities, has suffered and continues to suffer the effects of rapid urbanization and high population growth, resulting in uncontrolled spatial expansion. Socio-economic development has raised the agglomeration of Annaba to the rank of a regional metropolis.The problem of urbanizable land due to physical constraints (the coastline on the one hand, and the plains, forests and mountains on the other), has forced the city to spread out, on its ecologically vulnerable coastal strip, but also to the detriment of fertile agricultural land, in order to meet the high demand for housing and public services. As a result, a phenomenon of conurbation is being produced, which is amplifying an urban situation that is already very difficult to manage.

Tourism and industry are two sectors of the economy of nations, Algeria in post-independence, has focused on the development of industry particularly in the coastal strip and among the largest Algerian poles there is the industrial pole Petrochemical Skikda, installed and inaugurated in 1974 near the area of Arbi Ben M'Hidi which is a tourist area par excellence. Also, Arbi Ben M'Hidi has benefited from a tourist development program on the ZET of Arbi Ben M'Hidi - Filfla, which is part of the SDAT for the year 2030 The objectives of this study are to demonstrate, on the one hand, the importance and the extent of the tourist activity in the study area as well as the risks linked to this activity, and on the other hand, the tourist dynamics that the area is experiencing thanks to its natural potential, particularly seaside tourism, To this end, this study is intended to demonstrate the realities and paradoxes concerning this tourism-industry coexistence, which represents both a challenge for the local development of the area, and to achieve operational results aimed at the development of natural resources in the first place and the preservation of potentialities in a sustainable context. Therefore, in general, the study in question illustrates the reality and the consequences of this coexistence between tourism and industrial activity.

Urban ecology is a source of hope for the urban planning of the future, we can say that this discipline and its practices are innovative in the realization of the project of sustainable cities. Indeed, like ekistics, urban ecology also fits, prima facie, in the spirit of the Athens Charter (1933) and Agenda 21 (1992) by their aim modernist of the city and by their push for the start of the greening of our current cities for a sustainable urban future. Unfortunately, urban ecology in Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo is confronted with several predictable or unpredictable situations which complicate its task in its mission of achieving the sustainable city. These challenges include: poverty, uncontrolled population growth, the failure of regulatory information and poor governance, etc.Faced with the various forms of vulnerabilities, it is urgent today to think of a sustainable development of these urban areas.

Urban improvement is currently being considered as a new mechanism for improving the quality of life and the urban environment in residential areas as well as in the city as a whole. The process of intervention to improve the living environment is not necessarily to fight against the deterioration that can affect buildings and structures, but the improvement can be the result of those changes that affect the characteristics of society and the cultures of the population over time and through the succession of generations. We carry out the process of improvement each time with the aim of keeping pace with these changes and adapting the living environment to the new data or the new generation.Through this study, we aim to identify the impact of the urban improvement through the intervention on the city of Tebessa. Like Algerian cities, this city has experienced a deterioration of its urban fabric, which appears in the poor state of the buildings and the deterioration of the infrastructure, its inefficiency and overload, leading to a growing imbalance in the urban environment, and the resulting change in the urban characteristics of these areas, negatively affecting the social and economic characteristics of the population.

This paper aimed at the experimental characterization of a two- phase composite material namely concrete containing different kind of inclusions by measuring the electric resistivity and the dielectric constant. The model of composite consists of cylindrical samples of concrete in which are introduced different types of cylindrical inclusions. Later are embedded in the centre of the host matrix. The measurements are achieved thanks to an impedance-meter. The effective dielectric constant and resistivity characteristics are investigated versus the concentration and the type of inclusions. The inclusions we consider are cavities (air), cavities filled with water. It’s shown that the effective dielectric constant of composite material increases with the water content while the effective resistivity decreases due to the fact that the dielectric constant of water is too higher than that of concrete and the resistivity of water is lower than that of concrete. While the dielectric constant of concrete decrease when increasing the concentration of cavities; the resistivity of heterostructure increases with the concentration of air. This technique can constitute a good tool to follow, for instance, the humidification or the drying of a given heterostructure.

Bobo-Dioulasso city in Burkina Faso was subject to research conducted on the effects and uses of information and communication digitization in a context of personal, cultural and social change where Internet users freely express their opinions on websites commonly known as social networks. Therefore, what are the effects and logics behind the use of social networks? Is not digitization of information and communication a virtual transposition of actual daily life? Is this freedom of expression part of e-democracy in Burkina Faso? This research which lasted three (3) months raises the issue of users’ styles and their logic behind the use of social networks. The research methodology is based on a rational choice of thirteen social actors. Tools used for data collection include semi-structured interview guide and participant observation. Based on the results obtained, it appears that the effects and uses of information and communication digitization update the anthropological theory of « homo communicators ». It also appears that the uses and logic of the use of social networks show a pluralism of the global-local (glocal) expression. Lastly, the pluralism of the « glocal » expression does not stem from e-democracy but rather from the technical / technological, individual and collective logic.

Investment policy is considered one of the most important foundations of economic development in the current era. With the economic and social changes and pressures that the world is witnessing and aiming to achieve economic growth, countries have had to increase investments and attract more domestic and foreign capital, for investment is generally part of the economy of nations and a fundamental pillar in its development. Therefore, Algeria, like other countries, has strengthened its investment position in the national economy and made it a priority, and this is through support and promotion of investment, whether under the planning system (1967-1989) or in the framework of reforms and the transition towards a market economy that it has embarked on since 1990 to Today, Algeria has paid great attention to investment policy, creating legal and legislative grounds to facilitate the investment process and protect investors. Oum El Bouaghi is one of the cities in which various investment policies have been applied across different periods. How was the result of these policies and what are their actual effects on the ground?.

In the context of research on the determinants of tax revenue, the aim of this paper is to study the determinants of tax effort for the Moroccan case, through the ratio of tax revenue to GDP. The work tries to determine how do structural and macroeconomic factors affect tax effort, taking into account external environment and social dimension. By presenting the most used different approaches to examine the determinants of tax revenue, the paper introduces the empirical model, then discuss the main econometric results. The estimates conclude that in the short and long terms, the share of the service sector, unlike other studies which have found a negligible impact on the dynamism of tax revenue, has a negative impact on the tax revenue ratio. While GDP per capita and the urban population rate show a positive sign. The monetary sector aggregate has a positive impact on the performance of tax revenue, since the dematerialization of economic transactions improves fiscal dynamics. All these results are largely in line with theoretical predictions, and highlight the influence of key sectors on the performance of tax revenue in Morocco.

Postpartum hemorrhage is a main cause of maternal death, it can be primary or secondary depending on the time of onset. Although less frequent, secondary haemorrhages keep a high morbidity and mortality rate, which is accentuated by the difficulty of diagnosis and determination of the etiologies especially in rare causes like the pseudo-aneurism of the uterine artery, a vascular abnormality in most cases caused by a traumatic lesion of the blood vessel most often during cesarean section. The diagnosis is examined in front of clinical and ultrasound elements, and confirmed by CT scan, MRI, or angiography which also allows therapeutic treatment thanks to embolization. We report the case of a 27-year-old patient who presented with late postpartum hemorrhage secondary to a pseudoaneurysm of the uterine artery, suspected by ultrasound and confirmed by CT scan, the patient underwent embolization with good evolution. Despite its rarity, pseudoaneurysm of the uterine artery is a potentially fatal complication and must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of secondary postpartum hemorrhage allowing adequate and rapid management.

Introduction: Premature rupture of membranes represents a major infectious risk for the mother and the fetus; it constitutes a risk factor for chorioamniotitis, puerperal and neonatal sepsis. Reactive protein C is a biological marker widely used in the detection of maternal and fetal infections, in particular in the early diagnosis of chorioamniotitis. The aim of this study is to assess the role of CRP in the diagnosis of chorioamniotitis, and to correlate it with the prediction of neonatal infection and thus review the arguments concerning its usefulness. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study of patients collected from the Kangaroo unit at the Souissi maternity hospital in Rabat between March 2018 and October 2018, including all parturients having delivered vaginally to an asymptomatic newborn in a premature rupture of membranes context. Clinical and biological monitoring, in particular with reactive protein C in mothers and newborns, was carried out. Results: 238 patients were admitted to the kangaroo service for delivery in premature rupture of the membranes context. In the positive maternal CRP group, 8 women had clinical chorioamiotitis, while no case of clinical chorioamniotitis was recorded in the negative CRP group. In the positive neonatal CRP group, all mothers had a positive CRP while in the neonatal negative CRP group 37.6% of the women had a positive CRP with a P <0.001. Conclusion: Our study suggests that a high rate of maternal CRP before childbirth is a good predictor of chorioamniotitis and neonatal infection.

The consubstantiality of social media in social life today spares religious demonstrations in Benin. In the city of Porto Novo, they are mobilized as a facilitating channel for the achievement of religious ideals. But their uses highlight many threats and opportunities. This research aims to analyze the influence of social media on religious belief in the city of Porto-Novo.As part of this qualitative research, data is collected from 50 resource people through interview and observation through reasoned choice and snowball sampling techniques.There is a certain consubstantiality of social media through religious practices. Likewise, they participate in both the transformation and the democratization of « religious belief ». Faced with this influence, many adaptation strategies are developed based on the social perception of the actors.

Yam is a tuber cultivated mainly in West Africa. Its culture faces biological and non-biological constraints of climatic types especially. The increasingly high temperatures as well as the bad spatio-temporal distribution accentuate the aridity of the grounds which considerably disturb the development even the production of yam. The objective of this study was to compare the morphophysiological adaptation responses of yam morphotypes subjected to water stress and to determine the portion of the seedling and the water regime suitable for a cultivation of yam in semi-arid zones. even arid. To do this, two morphotypes of yam «waogo» (Dioscorea alata) and «nyù» (D. cayenensis - D. rotundata complex) were grown in pots in real conditions. The tubers of each morphotype were divided into three portions and then subjected to three water regimes. Environmental and morphophysiological parameters were noted during the study.For all the parameters studied, the results show that the «nyù» is more tolerant of water deficit than the «waogo» with a larger root biomass and leaf area and lower transpiration. This study reveals that depending on the portion of the seed used and water regime, «nyù» and «waogo» have differentiated behaviors.

Goldenhar syndrome is a rare congenital disease, affecting many organs including the craniofacial region. Its etiology still remains uncertain. We describe a case of Goldenhar syndrome in a 12-month-old infant with craniofacial involvement.This anatomical-clinical entity gives rise to a good clinical examination and a good analysis of the literature in order to make the diagnosis and to plan a treatment in the event of systemic involvement.

The sustainable development in Algeria was proposed as a key solution to keep pace with the international changes, but despite its decentralization and the lack of clarity of its goals, there is ambiguity in the way it is applied to the local sectors, which raises questions about its effectiveness? Especially being called primarily to involve all the actors and the perpetuation of a culture of sharing civil responsibility in the public act as the only way that guarantees urban production, which led us to research and investigate the option of importing such strategies and the feasibility of applying them in our Algerian cities in the first place, then matching the local discharges of the Sustainable urbanization project with the environmental equation of our Algerian cities by studying the city of Batna as an ideal case for measurement.It also aims to give a real opportunity for all the actors to meet, with their understanding of sustainable development and its projection in the field of reconstruction, and how it will be reflected in the planning option adopted in the mechanism of the urban project industry.A questionnaire was distributed to the specialists in the field of urban reconstruction (321 specialists), which led to the adoption of the project, and the identification of its various frameworks corresponding to sustainability. Using the analytical method, and through studying the urban project as a concept and policy, and analyzing the general prospects based on the results of the questionnaire according to the prepared urban project mechanism; The results of the research led to an agreement on the necessity of adopting the sustainable urban project immediately after agreeing on the reasons for each of the three problematic realities of the city, measuring their framing of sustainability and reaching the frameworks that guarantee the most important objectives of the urban project.Concluding in the latter that emptying the policies and ideologies adopted within their various measures on the one hand, and on the other hand and not withdrawing these policies in general cases without taking into account their localism and the special conditions for their application immediately after importation, as a necessity to achieve a civilized feasibility in keeping with international humanitarian thought before the decision to adopt it by the importing countries.

The fleeing of people for security purposes nowadays is alarming. The increase in security challenges has led to the multiplication of the number of refugees in the world in general and Cameroon in particular. Cameroon has been a refuge for thousands of Africans from different countries fleeing persecutions in their countries. Unfortunately, these refugees who live on camps live in deplorable conditions due to some challenges which the international organisation in charge of refugees are faced with. This paper seeks to show the challenges faced by the international organisations in charge of refugee management in Cameroon. As such, we have used diverse written and oral sources to write this paper. We then used analytic and confrontational methods to attain an object truth from all the materials which we gathered. At the end of our analyses we discovered that there are so many international organisations in charge of refugee management in Cameroon. We equally discovered that these organisations are faced with enormous challenges such as the partial implementation of the laws regarding refugees, the drop in finances, the multiplication of crises across the globe and many others which makes their work difficult. However, we discovered that some measures like the sensitisation of people concerning refugees and the advocacy for finances have been put in place to counter these challenges.

Show Windows are one of the important visual promotion and influencing the recipient, contributing to building a complete image of the store, supporting the brand's image and promoting the company’s strategy. Sustainability and green product has become new and important for companies and brands that want to get closer to the audience, Achieving a desirable image, and effective presence in society, so brands that adopt sustainability seek to have a vital and effective role in fulfilling human needs in a manner that preserves society and the environment. Especially, in the field of Fashion, so international brands turn to take into account the industry that preserves the environment and its balance. This research assumes that; companies are responsible for making change and awareness towards a more sustainable environment through visual design. The research follows the analytical descriptive method of different models of display windows for international fashion brands to identify the forms and dimensions of visual expression regarding the concept of sustainability adopted by these brands in the design of commercial display windows then the Experimental approach. The most important findings of the research were that; there are many local brands that adopt the concept of sustainability and sustainable fashion, but the problem of visual expression of this concept in the display windows is clear. So the research is an attempt to the importance of achieving integration and visual compatibility between institutional goals related to Sustainable fashion and the target of the visual message provided by the display window.

Côte d'Ivoire, like many African countries, has many construction sites and we can witness the transformation of these cities. Our study is interested in Bondoukou, a city in the northeast of the Côte d'Ivoire which does not escape the major development paths. Through this study we used satellite images to have the characteristics of our study area, the map of the slopes, the digital terrain model and the land use through processing by GIS geographic information systems. We observed in the area variations in altitude between 344 and 437 meters and slopes of the order of 0, 5.57, 11.1 and 16.07 degrees. We could thus distinguish an urbanized area, an area of bare soil, an area of vegetation and an area of watercourses. Openstreetmap data was useful for us to check the consistency of our results and validate them.

This study is a contribution to the petrographic and petrophysical characterization of the reservoir sandstones of Yogou Formation in the Termit Sedimentary Basin (Niger). It focuses on the impact of diagenetic processes on the petrophysical properties of Campanian sandstones. The pore types are generally intergranular, intragranular, and rare microcracks. The porosity varies from 0.3% to 25.3% and the permeability ranges from 0.1 mD to 470.3 mD. Diagenetic features that influenced the reservoir quality evolution include mechanical and chemical compaction, precipitation of carbonate cement, clay mineral cement, the formation of quartz overgrowths, and dissolution of feldspar grains. Compaction and cementation reduced significant volumes of primary porosity and permeability. On the other hand, feldspar dissolution and quartz corrosion contributed to an increase in the volume of primary porosity of the sandstones. The Yogou Formation reservoir was subjected to a high diagenetic overprint resulting in marked reservoir heterogeneity. This study also demonstrated the effect of diagenetic processes on the quality of hydrocarbon reservoirs and showed that good quality reservoirs are mainly concentrated in the 2545 m to 2565 m depth range of the study area.

This work has enabled us to distinguish two categories of incidents which lead to interruptions in the supply of electric energy on the Lomé electricity network. These are both external and internal incidents. Internal faults mainly consist of faults on the underground and overhead cables. They represent 40.02% of incidents. These have an impact on undistributed energy and on the quality of distributed energy. Statistical processing and the Monte Carlo method are used. It has been shown that there is a correlation between the number of incidents and undistributed energy. To reduce undistributed energy, we suggest that the distributor favor double derivation and artery cutting like topology.

Quality materials have always interested road technicians. Quality in terms of compact soils capable of withstanding the loads due to road traffic. Previous studies have shown that laterite from decomposition of the source rock, for social-economic and environmental reasons, is often used in road construction. In Côte d'Ivoire, particularly in the south, few paved and unpaved roads are made from clay sands, present in the Ivorian sedimentary basin. Analysis of the clay sands of Samo and Grand-Lahou, revealed that in terms of particle size, despite the high proportion of coarse elements in the clay sands of Samo (66%) and those of Grand-Lahou (50%); these soils contain fine silty-clay matrices capable of creating solid bonds between the grains. Chemically, there are mainly three oxides: SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. The ratio of oxides (S/R) is greater than 2. According to the classification, these are sands corresponding to non-lateritic soils. Mechanical analyzes have shown that these soils must be treated with hydraulic binders before they can be used in pavement layers.

In hot regions like the southern Algeria, a huge amount of energy is used for cooling. This study presents a methodology of exergy and energy analysis for ammonia-water and ammonia-lithium nitrate absorption cooling coupled to a double glazed flat plate collector. The thermal energy is stored in an insulated thermal storage tank. To compare total exergy loss and improve the coefficient of performance and exegetic efficiency for both solutions, the effects of heat exchanger efficiency, storage temperature, absorber, and condenser and evaporator temperature have been discussed in this study. Thermodynamic models have been developed using the first and second laws of thermodynamics. These models are employed in a computer program using FORTRAN to perform the calculations. Results indicate that ammonia-lithium nitrate cycles gives or even better performance than the ammonia-water cycle, Therefore, it’s suitable alternative to the ammonia-water cycle. Exergy analysis shows also that the total exergy loss in the system depends strongly on the working temperatures.

The past era saw a significant boost in computing, storage, and networking technologies which caused the development of massive-scale adaptive applications in engineering and science. These complex, dynamic and heterogeneous applications are combined with correspondingly heterogeneous and complex distributed and parallel computing systems caused the improvement and implementation of efficient computational infrastructures which allow execution, programming and runtime management support for these massive-scale adaptive implementations. In this paper different types of computing technologies are described. In fact, all these technologies have contributed in the development of computing. Determining one specific technology as the best among others is very difficult, since every day is an evolution in computing and every single paves a way for a new technology. This paper presents a comprehensive review for the past, present and future of scalable computing technologies trends and paradigms. Firstly, high performance computing technologies are presented. This paper presents a new classification of high performance computing into Supercomputing and Quantum Computing where Supercomputing is classified into petascale, exascale and zettascale computing. The paper discusses the main challenges in exascale computing and quantum computing and a comparison between classical supercomputing and quantum computing is presented. Secondly, distributed computing technologies specifically Peer-to-Peer Computing, Cluster Computing, Grid Computing and Cloud Computing are presented. The paper discusses their advantages and disadvantages and a comparison between them is also presented. Thirdly, post Cloud Computing Paradigms mainly dew, mist, edge and fog computing are presented. Fourthly, Jungle computing is presented. Finally, the paper highlights that exascale and quantum computing are the most recent topic to effectively achieve high performance computing, both technologies have their advantages and disadvantages so it is recommended to implement a hybrid system that uses both technologies so quantum computing can be used as an accelerators to the existing high performance computing systems. Supercomputers have a very high cost so distributed computing systems that provide high performance along with versatility and cost efficiencies are developed. Understanding and utilizing post cloud computing technologies correctly with cloud computing can help in IOT solutions.

In Cameroon, the issue of access to portable is water is at the centre of debates because in several regions and divisions a large number of the population do not have access to this precious commodity, which is at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The aim of this work is therefore to highlight the difficulties faced by the population to access portable water in the spontaneous neighbourhoods of the city of Bafoussam. To do this, 173 households in the Bamendzi, Tougang-ville, Tougang- village, Ngouache and Kouogouo neighbourhoods have been the subject of field verification. The result shows that, despite the measures taken by the administrative authorities and the Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (Camwater), not all inhabitants have access to portable water. The main reason for this is; the lack of control over population growth, which is characterised by a continuous increase in built-up areas from 549 to 10710 ha between 1980 and 2020. Similarly, the degradation of water infrastructure and the inaccessibility to portable water are two (02) factors that have pushed the populations to look for alternative sources of water supply, namely wells, boreholes and springs. In addition, about 75% of the population surveyed stated that they get their supplies through these means and also face sanitation problems which are consequently at the origin of waterborne diseases such as typhoid, respiratory and skin infections. However, the Decentralised Administrative Authorities must put in place means to enable the population of the city of Bafoussam to have access to drinkable water.

The main objective of this article is to analyze the determinants of innovation within agri-food SMEs in Cameroon. Our empirical analysis is based on secondary source data from the study on the analysis of the determinants of firm’s performance in francophone sub-Saharan Africa: the cases of Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal conducted in 2014 with the support of IDRC. The logistic regression analysis reveals that: R&D, size of the firm, and cooperation influence the innovative capacity of firms, but different forms of innovation must be taken into account. We also find that competition significantly influences the capacity of innovation, but that it acts by diminishing the capacity for innovation. Finally, we find that geographical location positively and significantly affects all forms of innovation. These results contribute in the understanding of the innovation phenomenon within agri-food companies.

The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial properties of the extracts of two leafy vegetables Amaranthus spinosus and Tridax procumbens traditionally used in the maritime region of Togo for their therapeutic properties. The agar well diffusion and Mueller Hinton broth microdilution methods were used to estimate the antimicrobial potential of the hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves of these plants on six reference strains and nine clinical strains including three multi-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests have shown that these tested extracts variously inhibit the growth of the used strains. The extract of T. procumbens was the most active and inhibited the growth of all strains except Candida albicans 1581 with diameters of inhibition zones varying from 9 to 31 mm. The extract of A. spinosus inhibited the growth of 11 strains out of the 15 with inhibition zones diameters ranging from 7 to 17.5 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations varied from 0.39 to 3.12 mg/mL and the total activities from 42.43 to 339.48 mL/g. The extract of T. procumbens, which is very active on the strains used, could be used to search for new active molecules to fight against microbial infections. These results show that the hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves of the two plants have antimicrobial activities and support their traditional use in the treatment of microbial infections.

Artemisia mesatlantica is an endemic species of Morocco, rare and endangered which is widely used in traditional medicine. This present work deals with the chemical composition and the antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of the EO of the domesticated Artemisia mesatlantica. The average yield of essential oil of the aerial part (stems, leaves and flowers) of this latter is 0.97%. Among the chemical constituents of the essential oil of A. mesatlantica are β-thujone (77.77%) which is predominant, followed by 1.8-cineol (6.31%), and camphor (3.52%) the other constituents are with small percentages. About the antimicrobial test, four bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus) and three fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium expansum) were chosen for their pathogenicity and for their frequent involvement in food contamination. The bioassay shows that the minimum inhibitory concentration of the growth of the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium digitatum is 1/500 v/v whereas Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger is 1/250 v / v.

This article assesses the role of intermediaries in the performance of the cassava market in the East region of Cameroon. To ensure the representativeness of men and women, research on the different markets of this region was done according to a reasoned choice and on the basis of a random and systematic sampling. In order to assess the performance of the markets, the Gini index and its representation by the Lorenz curve were used. Also, to measure the effect of intermediaries, we used Aker's model (2010). The results of our study reveal that markets perform well when there are intermediaries at several stages in the marketing chain. In addition, a high number of intermediaries in a market will have the effect of reducing prices in that market. Thus, in order to influence the dynamics of market performance, it is necessary to intervene in policies to improve agricultural intermediation, in particular through the policies of standardization and security of the intermediary function.

Aromatic plants and spices are an important part of biodiversity. In the absence of exhaustive inventory of this diversity, valorization work is generally limited to a limited lot of ethnobotanical heritage species. Surveys were conducted with 370 people in the hills department of Benin and focused on the inventory of food plants used as aromatic plants and spices. A total of 27 plant species have been identified and distributed in 18 families, the richest of which are Lamiaceae (3) and Annonaceae (3). The ten most quoted plants found in all ethnic groups are Capsicum annuum, piper guineense, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, crassocephalum rubens, Lippia multiflora, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum gratissimum, Allium cepa et Pimpinella anisum. 59.26% of species are herbaceous and among the species inventoried, 18 (66.67%) are cultivated and 9 (33.33%) are grown in the wild. The most used parts are leaves with 32.67% of responses followed by seeds (14.66%), fruits (13.75%), tubers (12.89% of responses) and bulbs (12.39%). The use of different plant organs varies following ethnics groups but the leaves are most prized across ethnic groups. Three forms of use of the species identified: the plants used for their aroma (62.06% of the species), the plants consumed in the form of spices (20.69% of the species) and the plants used both as aromatic plants and spices (17.24% of the species). Sometimes used in fresh or dry form, these species are either crushed (48.87% of responses), crushed (25.16% of responses) or crushed (15.55% of responses) or sliced ​​ (10.42% of responses). Ten diseases were recorded, the most cited being infections (34.29%), digestive disorders (17.14%) and malaria (11.43%). Apart from the frequently used species that are already grown others like Crassocephalum crepidioides, Lippia multiflora, Mondia whitei are at the stage of domestication or wild and deserve special attention.

Human capital is the cornerstone of the development of economic and social activities. It is an accumulation of investments by an individual in order to improve his productive capacities like education. Our paper aims to present and analyze the relationship between human capital and economic growth on the African level, while approaching concretely the real image through the case of the ECOWAS countries. Our study will focus, essentially, around the concept of human capital, an analysis of the relationship between human capital and economic growth for ECOWAS countries through econometric modeling, and an interpretation of the results of the model.

This article discusses the important role that internal auditors can play in a crisis situation, especially in these times of spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. First of all, our reflection is oriented towards the analysis of past experiences through the existing literature which revealed that in times of crisis, internal audit constitutes an assurance for organizations in their approach to managing emerging risks. Then, one of the objectives of this work is to underline the place of internal audit in the management of the risks engendered by the pandemic crisis through a set of relevant questions that the internal auditors must ask according to the potential risks to which the organizations are exposed to the Covid-19 era. Finally, a final objective is to recall the importance of the « Business Continuity Plan » for companies, and to what extent internal audit is brought to play a role as a lover and downstream in its activation.

Ovarian carcinosarcoma is a rare malignant gynecological tumor that accounts for about 1% of all ovarian cancers. The positive diagnosis of this disease is based on clinical examination, radiological examinations and essentially histological confirmation: the association of a carcinomatous component with a sarcomatous component. Generally, the treatment performed is surgical cytoreduction, followed by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. As the prognosis is poor, the survival rate will depend mainly on the quality of surgical management.Multicenter or multinational studies, based on genetic and molecular signaling pathways, are required to better understand this tumor subtype and compare its treatment modalities.

The spontaneous rupture of uterine varicose veins during pregnancy and more particularly in the third trimester, is an exceptional cause of hemorrhagic shock by hemoperitoneum. Its diagnosis is difficult due to its rarity and the absence of specific signs. Maternal-fetal care must be immediate in order to reduce high fetal mortality and limit maternal morbidity.

Ovarian carcinosarcoma also known as mixed mesodermal tumor or mixed Mullerian tumor is a rare gynecological tumor that accounts for less than 2% of ovarian cancers. It is an aggressive tumor which combines a carcinomatous component with a sarcomatous component. In the genital tract, it most often sits in the uterus. The ovary, cervix or vagina are more rarely affected. Carcinosarcoma interests women rather between 60 and 70 years of age. The main prognostic factor found is the initial stage, most often advanced: At diagnosis, more than 90% of ovarian carcinosarcomas have an extra-ovarian extension.Surgical management is a determining factor for the survival of patients. Carcinosarcoma is an aggressive tumor, the median survival is 7 to 27 months for ovarian carcinosarcomas. Relapses mainly occur in the first year. The FIGO stage is the most important prognostic factor.Complete surgery, advanced age, the grade of the sarcomatous component and adjuvant chemotherapy are found in the rare published retrospective studies. The response rate to chemotherapy is approximately 20%.

An integrated quantitative and qualitative research approach was used to analyze published scientific research on strategic alliances over the period 1980-2018 in the Web of Science database. Using bibliometric techniques and a content analysis of the articles, the results of this work provide an understanding of the scientific research conducted of strategic alliances and explore the evolution of themes in this field over the period 1980-2018.

There is an explicit link between the historical evolution of migratory movements, their social and economic significance, the various phases of the development of states and the stability of the relationships between individuals and states sharing common borders. The starting point of this study is motivated by the denaturalization of reality by political actors through inappropriate responses, based on mixed considerations of the migrations of Rwandans and of Hutu or Tutsi peoples living in the DRC compared to Ugandan nationals. On the one hand, most of them move between these three states and invade agro-pastoral and mining lands in fertile or mining areas, especially in the DRC. Our study aims to identify the causes of the persistence of the crises between the DRC, Uganda and Rwanda, which crises are linked to the multiple migratory movements of their respective nationals. In practical terms, we will determine the characteristics of the migratory movements between the three states and present the causes of this persistence of the crises. We have identified direct and indirect causes, among which uncontrolled migration by clandestine routes constitute a major cause of the security crises between these three states.

Uterine fibroids or leiomyomas are benign myometrial tumors. They are found in 20% of women of reproductive age. Outer uterine localization is rare and of poorly understood pathophysiology, and poses a diagnostic problem. Only the pathological examination can establish the diagnosis. We report two cases of ectopic localization, the ovary and the broad ligament, the diagnosis of which was not made in the first place.

The twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a specific complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies. The diagnosis is often established in the second trimester of pregnancy and is based on a set of ultrasound arguments. The management of this complication is conditioned by the gestational age of onset and by the hemodynamic tolerance of the two fetuses. Severe and early forms (<26 weeks of amenorrhea) are treated by laser coagulation of placental vascular anastomoses.

Osteoid metaplasia of the endometrium is a rare and little-known entity that corresponds to the presence of bone tissue in the endometrium and is responsible for secondary infertility. It is often found in young women of childbearing age with a history of abortion. The physiopathology remains incompletely understood. Ultrasound, hysteroscopy and biopsy allow diagnosis. Operative hysteroscopy represents the ideal therapeutic means for obstetrical prognosis and for restoring fertility.

Okra culture is subject to water deficit which reduces its production. The study aims to evaluate water consumption that could ensure optimal production of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) on ferralsol in southern Benin. It was conducted on Market Garden Crops Programme site of National Agricultural Research Institute of Benin. The experimental design is a Complete Randomized Block with the «irrigation dose» as factor at three levels such as 0, 4 and 8 mm of water per day. The volumetric water content and the water potential have been collected. Results revealed that flowering-fruiting phase is the most detrimental phase to water stress concerning for this okra’s variety. But it is possible to improve the water supply of this variety under rainy conditions with supplementary water supplies at determined doses and frequencies. For irrigation option, the dose D1= 8 mm per day is economic irrigation dose that could be recommended for «Jowizo» okra variety under similar agropedological and water availability conditions. However, irrigation dose D2 = 4 mm can be applied for this variety in case of rainfall scarcity.

Advertising has been a dominantly used discipline for the company’s external communication for almost one century. Largely marketing communications has been described by most organisation as advertsing. However, times have changed dramatically, and markets have evolved rapidly. Customers are more educated, research-oriented and keen to be communicated to more on a more « personal » basis than on « mass » level. Within these changes, advertising functionality got lost and a new dominant communication discipline, Public Relations arose. This research explored the role of PR as a marketing communication tool to build building initiatives of the selected companies.This study used a case study approach with the target population being the staff of the three selected multinational companies. With the aid of the purposive sampling techniques, respondents were selected from the three organizations and the main research instrument was a questionnaire and an interview schedule aided by secondary data from renowned writers. The most significant outcome of the literature review was that brand equity can remarkably be enhanced by creating brand awareness using Public Relations. The qualitative data also depicted through the interaction of the three companies that, all use public relations for building their brand and these have been well represented in the form of tables and charts for easy understanding. It’s being established that all three companies viewed public relations as an important factor in building their brands and acknowledged the power that PR has on customer awareness.The study recommended brand development and building of the consumer interests and trusts as foundations of an efficient brand that will enhance the capabilities of PR professionals within the Multinational environment in Ghana.

Dioscorea sp. is a wild yam of the Gabonese forests. It is poorly studied because of its toxic and inedible tubers. The stems of this plant are however heavily consumed by several ethnic groups of Gabonese populations. The present work has been done to study some nutritional characteristics of these organs. The plant material was bought at the market from vendors in Moanda, and analyzed in the laboratory. The physicochemical and biochemical characters were studied using standard food analysis techniques. The results showed that the stems of this plant were rich in water (87.52%), ash (13.22%), and fiber (14.30%). From the biochemical point of view, the results revealed high levels of proteins (24.43%), carbohydrates (44.30%), vitamins C (2.38%) and polyphenols (0.78%). These different physicochemical and biochemical characteristics suggest that wild yam contains many nutritional and medicinal potentialities. It is therefore possible to foresee the domestication of this plant for a wider diet.

Introduction: Roselle is a wet rot in Gabon caused by Phoma sabdariffae Sacc., a deuteromycete fungus of the family Phomaceae. The chemical control used for its eradication has had many limitations, including the appearance of fungal resistance and the persistence of chemoactive substances. Objective: The present study was initiated to test an alternative control solution, by the use of a toxic plant, Tephrosia vogelii. Methods: For this purpose, this plant was macerated, and the solutions transferred to PDA solid culture media, to constitute 4 treatments: T5 (5%), T10 (10%), T15 (15%) and T20 (20%). Fungal spores were cultured in the center of petri dishes, and mycelial growths measured every 2 days for 10 days. Results: The results revealed that all the modified treatments in solution of Tephrosia vogelii reduced the mycelial growth of Phoma sabdariffae. The most pronounced reductions were produced by the T15 and T20 treatments, with the respective inhibition rates of 81% and 100% at the 10th day of incubation. Conclusion: The use of concentrated extracts of Tephrosia vogelii is therefore possible in the biological control of roselle rot in Gabon.

The classified forests of Benin, whether legally protected or traditionally protected, are still under severe pressure. This study object is the evaluation of the degradation of the classified forest of Tchaourou. This Landsat satellite image of 1990, 1999, 2009 and 2019 were used for diachronic analysis and the topo-sequential analysis. The results obtained show that the mosaic of field and fallow in addition to the tree and shrub savannah recorded a growth rate of 21.85 % and 32.05 % respectively for the period from 1990 to 2019. As for the woodland and savannah woodland, it experienced a regression rate of -39.96 %. The gallery forest also fell by -13.94 %. The explanatory factors for this deterioration of the different units of land use are, among others, agriculture, logging, late wildfires, grazing.

There has been much talk over the past quarter of a century of speaking honestly about the failure of urban-focused public action.Several scientific works and official documents prove that they do not always have positive effects. The forms of suffering and bad living that characterize urban spaces force public authorities to rethink their action, managing the city would no longer be the prerogative of politicians and elected officials, but involving citizens, a kind of direct democracy in impose in the construction of cities. Henceforth, the process of the substance of new public policies depends on the ties woven by politicians from civil society in order to maximize integration via the social mix.

Malaria transmission in the evening before bedtime or outside a protected enclosed space is called residual transmission. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of deltamethrin impregnated screens (55 mg/m2) against residual transmission in Yopougon, southern Côte d'Ivoire. A KAP survey was conducted among the local population on the vector control methods use by them and their perception of malaria. Human landing catch was carried out on the facades of three types of houses: (i) houses with impregnated facades, (ii) houses with permanent screens around the facade, and (iii) house with alternating screens around the facade (every two days). The results obtained showed that impregnated mosquito nets reduce human biting rate by 50% and the vector capacity by 75%. With regard to the vector's cycle of aggressiveness in houses without nets, vector bites start at 8 p.m. compared to 11 p.m. in houses with treated nets; these screens therefore delay vector bites until sleep time (11 p.m.) instead of 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. In addition, permanent use of these nets offers better protection against mosquito bites than episodic use. These screens are therefore proving to be a promising means to control outdoor malaria transmission.

This study aims at measuring the banking technical efficiency levels in the Middle East and North Africa MENA region from the period 2010-2014 over six 06 countries (KSA, Qatar, Kuwait, Jordan, Tunisia, Algeria) using the nonlinear Data Envelopment Analysis DEA model based on an unbalanced panel data of 66 banks (47 conventional banks and 19 Islamic banks). The results suggest that conventional banks are more technical efficient than Islamic banks under the Constant returns to scale assumption. However, the efficiency scores vary across the sample under the Variable return scale assumption which reflect the importance of the size and economies of scale in determining the overall banking efficiency in the region.

Pearl millet is the first cereal produced and consumed in Niger. However, its production hampered by several types of constraints including pearl millet downy mildew. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of variety + mineral fertilizer and variety + seed treatment combinations for the integrated management of pearl millet downy mildew. A Split-split-plot device with three factors (variety, mineral fertilizer and fungicide) is used. Data on the incidence and the severity of downy mildew are collected and analyzed. The incidence of the disease reached 8.13 ± 2.24% and 5.24 ± 1.69% after application of 2 g of DAP and 6 g of N15P15K15 per packet respectively compared with 12.41 ± 2.43% for the control. The application of N15P15K15 has more effect with ICRI-Tabi and that of DAP with ICMV-IS 89305. The severity of the disease went from 9.65% for the control at 5.27% after treatment of seeds with Apron Star42W.This effect is more remarkable at the level of HKP and ICRI-Tabi. The study has shown that the application of mineral fertilizer to seedlings reduces the infection of pearl millet downy mildew. In addition, N15P15K15 has more effect than DAP. Likewise, seed treatment with Apron Star42W significantly reduces the attack of the disease.

There is little in DR Congo, the implementation of public policies was considered as the prerogative of the Public. However, since the advent of political regionalism, the Provinces have been called upon to design and implement public policies for the well-being of all. It is in this context that there is a partnership between the Public and the private. This partnership is, here, illustrated bt the Kingabwa Rice Intensification Project which is the work of the office of Support and Assistance for Development Initiatives.

Sankuru is one of the new provinces of DR Congo which is to count among the areas most marked by the recurrence of violence. As a result, its political space is reconfigured by interethnic or identity conflicts Ekonda-Eswe which have a colonial origin and overlapped in the minds of the elites. Nowadays, the persistence of these conflicts is better explained by the pluralistic electoral deadlines the differentiated development and the weakness of the authority of the State.