The intrahepatic cholestasis is the most common of hepatopathies specific to pregnancy. Serum total bile acids concentration (ACIBI) is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic marker of this disease. The objective of this study is to validate the enzymatic quantification method of ACIBI of Randox on Cobas 6000 c501® Roche Diagnostics ™. A retrospective study of 6 months on all patients in the gynecology-obstetric department of the hospital completes the method validation.The repeatability study on ACIBI concentrations at 20 and 40 μmol / L shows coefficients of variation respectively at 1.1% and 0.9%, that of reproducibility at 2.4% and 1.8%. The linearity is 230 μmol / L and the limit of quantification is 3 μmol / L. The measurement uncertainty is 0.52 μmol / L for a concentration of 12 μmol / L.The statistical analysis of 150 folders shows 9 cases of cholestasis of pregnancy without any other associated anomaly; 5 severe cases at a mean level of ACIBI at 56 ± 10 μmol / L with premature delivery and 4 cases of moderate CG with ACIBI at 26 ± 8 μmol / L accompanied by a regression of symptoms following treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid.The enzymatic assay method of bile acids of Randox validated in our laboratory showed good performances. In addition to its diagnostic value, the determination of bile acids has a prognostic and therapeutic value. Elevated fasting level > 40 μmol / L is considered as a risk factor for fetal complications and it is considered in the decision to to premature inducing of labour.

The present study characterized the plant diversity of oil palm plantations in function of farming practices and their ages. The plant diversity of 7, 11 and 14 years old oil palm plantations evolving in different farming practices was inventoried using 1m x 1m quadrats for herbaceous species and the 20 m wide transects for woody species. The results obtained show that these stands are not very diversified: P7 presents 37 species, 34 genera and 27 families; P11, 27 species 26 genera, 18 families and P14, 31 species, 28 genera, 19 families. Only Ng13 had woody species individualized into trees and shrubs. The combination of manual and chemical weeding and irregular fertilization promotes the diversity of herbaceous species in the different stands. Age and farming practices influence the plant diversity of the stands.

This article is a conceptual analysis of the value in hospitality. An overview of different ways of strategically positioning a hotel is presented: (1) positioning by stars classification and (2) market orientation positioning. The argument, justifying that the Holbrook typology is best suited to study value in a hotel context, given its multi-dimensional nature, is exposed. A review of recent literature on the value of hotel consumption is discussed, particularly from an intra-variable perspective. This article finally identifies all works that recognizes different types of values ​​and studies the relationships between them in hotels and tourism context from 1982 to 2017.

The main objective of this study was to contribute, on the one hand, to the understanding of the concept of a biosphere reserve, on the other hand, to take stock of the experience of the Taï Biosphere Reserve in this area. According to the recommendations of the UNESCO MAB Program, a biosphere reserve has to comprise three zones, 1) a central monitoring area, 2) a buffer zone for research, experimentation, education, tourism and recreation, and 3) a transition area for research, tourism, recreation as well as local and sustainable development. This study shows that the Taï Biosphere Reserve is structured in three areas, which corresponds to the functions mentioned above. It is remarkable that the managers of what? have been able to adapt the zoning to the local realities. In particular, they took the objectives of sustainable conservation of the biodiversity and the sustainable development activities of the local populations into account. However, more capacity strengthening is needed, and relations between the Taï Biosphere Reserve and the surrounding forests should be improved. Although the different functions are operational, they should be further developed, particularly tourism and scientific research.

The contribution of ISO 9001 certification to organizational performance is a classic topic in the literature. However, they are only rare studies that have explored the relationships between contingency factors of ISO 9001 certification, effective implementation of quality management system and organizational performance in manufacturing companies. In the Moroccan context, this research problem hasn’t been previously investigated, thus, a qualitative design is adopted in order to develop a deep understanding of it. 8 semi-structured interviews were realized with quality managers operating in different branches of the industrial sector in Morocco; secondary data were also included. Unlike the traditional model of internal and external motivations for ISO 9001 certification presented by many authors, the findings reveal the following two main characters of the contingency factors of ISO 9001 certification: commercial and managerial. The themes of the contingency factors for certification that have a commercial nature don’t explain the effective implementation of quality management system, consequently, little results emerge from gaining ISO 9001 certification. But, the themes of the contingency factors for certification that have commercial and managerial natures, specifically the last one, lead to the effective implementation of quality management system, as a result, major benefits are achieved. Also, it is worth nothing that the relationships between effective implementation of quality management system and themes of organizational performance that have emerged from data analysis are both direct and indirect, which in turn arguments the importance of the managerial nature of reasons for pursuing ISO 9001 certification.

140 sesame accessions (Sesamum indicum) collected in different regions of Niger were characterized through 16 agro-morphological characters. These characters showed a great diversity within this collection. However, no link has been highlighted between this diversity and the geographical isolation of the collected accessions. The principal component analysis (PCA) and the hierarchical classification on the principal components (HCPC) highlighted three agromorphological groups. The group 1 accessions are the earliest and with a low vegetative development but very productive. Those of group 2 have an average precociousness and a vegetative development but as productive as those of group 1. Group 3 is that of the late ones with a very important vegetative development but low yields. The early rain cessation in September, before the end of their cycle, certainly impacted their productivity. The most discriminating variables that describe the variability between the identified groups are the precocity characters (date of start of flowering, date of 50% flowering, date of start of flower buds and physiological maturity) and vegetation characters (number of branches on the main stem, number of nodes on the main stem and length of internodes). Some accessions, with good agronomic performance, have been identified to be multiplied and distributed directly to producers or to integrate future sesame selection programs in Niger.

The routine and excessive use of fungicides to control fungal diseases in the field, without perceiving the risks and vulnerability they cause, must be considered in modern agriculture. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of some fungicides for the control of scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) in wheat, evaluating their impact on yield. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and four repetitions. The fungicides applied by spraying were: picoxystrobin + cyproconazole, tebuconazole and pyraclostrobin. The incidence, severity, and biological effectiveness to control scald, finding the percentages according to formulas in each treatment. Number of seeds and the average weight of the grain per spike were evaluated. At four months, the average number of seeds per spike and the average weight of the grain were evaluated. The scald affected the culture from the early stages and with high inoculum pressure. The highest biological effectiveness was obtained with tebuconazole 500 mL ha-1, followed by (picoxystrobin + cyproconazole) 400 mL ha-1. Both in the average number of seeds per spike and in the average grain weight, the best result was when pyractrostrobin was applied, followed by picoxystrobin + cyproconazole. tebuconazole only favored the average grain weight. The results showed that use of fungicides was convenient to reduce the decrease in wheat production, always mixed with an adjuvant.

This work aims to describe the botanical and phytochemical characteristics of Chrozophora brocchiana (Vis.) Schweinf (Euphorbiaceae), a plant used to prepare traditional remedies for the treatment of diarrhea in children.The methodology is based on a macroscopic description of the fresh drug followed by a microscopic description, the estimate of the water content and total ash content in the dry drug, and then the characterization reactions of the large chemical groups in the water extract obtained from the sprayed dry drug.C. brocchiana is a perennial perennial herbaceous plant, greyish green and whitish in colour during the dry season when hairs are longer and denser. The powder of the dry drug is cottony to the touch, with no flavor or smell characteristic of fresh butter color, code #FFF48D. The conductive beams of the leaf at the main rib are arranged in an arc next to a massif. The limb has a bifacial heterogeneous mesophile. The epidermis has many tecting hairs, usually starry or dendritic, longer and denser during the dry season a mark of adaptation of this plant to drought. The wooden vessels are in radial lines interspersed with woody parenchyme. Micrography highlights isolated or grouped single-celled tctory hairs, rounded to oval starch grains, and calcium oxalate crystals. The dry drug C. brocchiana can be stored without risk of degradation by the development of microorganisms (humidity rate: 9.1-0.75%). The drug is not rich in minerals (total ash rate: 9.67-0.76%) but contains a high amount of silica (insoluble ash levels in hydrochloric acid: 3.2-0.1%). The groups of secondary metabolites identified in the sample that could justify the use as an antidiarrheal of C. brocchiana are tannins by their astringent and antiseptic properties, the dares having the ability to retain large amounts of water.Further botanical, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity studies would be needed to explain the traditional use of C. brocchiana as an antidiarrheal in children.

In any globalized economic environment, the sectors of economic activity behave and resist differently depending on the causes of the turbulence. Certain sectors have a resilient attitude and play a stabilizing role, supporting growth and employment. These sectors are generally linked to the basic needs of the population; in this case, the agricultural and food sector stand out. This study seeks to examine the potential of agriculture in promoting integrated development in the national economy, by capturing its interactions with other economic sectors. Input-output analysis was applied to examine both the contribution of the primary sector and the impact of agricultural policy (Green Morocco Plan) on the entire national economy. Using this analytical tool, the input-output model, based on the Resources-Jobs table (TRE), it is demonstrated that the impact of said agricultural policy is not limited to the primary sector, but, it directly and indirectly affects d 'other sectors, as well as total production, employment and household income. The results also suggest that agriculture is an important engine of growth, helping to increase local production, ensuring a stable supply of food and ensuring a reasonable standard of living for farmers.

In urban India, traffic and air pollution are major issues. Most of the air pollution is due to the rising number of vehicles on the road and is affecting the wellbeing of every individual. To reduce the traffic and vehicular pollution, people have to use more and more public transport but for that first and last mile connectivity is a major concern. Electric mobility is a cost effective and viable solutions to tackle poor air quality and excessive dependence on oil imports. As, e-rickshaw is an antidote to air pollution, can be seen as a viable solution for shared micro mobility.

Characterized by the agro pastoralism and pastoralism, breeding is essentially extensive in Niger. However, the pastoral resources are more and more threatened by crops farms. To better securize fodder resources, the Departmental Commission Land of Boboye through its partners has processed to the mapping of these fodder resources. This study was conducted to assess the perception of actors of the rural community of Fabidji on how to secure fodder resources. A number of 76 persons consisted of officials for pastoral resource management and users of fodder resources were investigated. According to the survey results, 75% of the farmers and 63.6% of the livestock breeders asserted that the cartography has made access easier to the pastoral resources. According to farmers (91.3%) and livestock breeders (82.6%), the typology of pastoral resources has been well drawn by the cartography. At the organization level, all the ALHERI members (100%), AREN (100%) and those of the administration (100%), the majority members of FNEN DADO (75%) and the non-affiliates (96%) think that the cartography has permitted to improve the knowledge on pastoral resources. 75% of village leaders declared that the cartography has permitted to preserve of the pastoral resources. For the majority of AREN (85.7%), ALHERI (50%), FNEN DADO (50%), administration (71. 4%) and (92%) of non-affiliates, the cartography has permitted to sort out of conflicts between breeders and agriculturists.

Diffusion of fertility control is recognized as one of the main factors that contribute to reduce fertility, particularly, in low-income countries. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa characterized by poverty and high fertility, little research has been conducted on this topic. This article contributes to improve the knowledge of the determinants of fertility by considering both structural factors and aggregate pattern of spatial behaviour. We measure spatial dependence in fertility and related factors, and then assess the diffusion effect of fertility behaviour across 518 administrative divisions based on Cote d’Ivoire census data conducted in 2014. We found out that spatial diffusion in fertility is statistically significant after controlling structural characteristics of women, which means that women shaped their demand for children based on their own characteristics and the influence of ideas, informations related to fertility control. By comparing areas of residence, we found that urbanization, employment and exposure of media (television/radio) were more significant in areas with the lowest child-woman ratio than in areas with the highest fertility rate. Considering spatial concentration of women’s characteristics, the lowest cluster of female employment, educated women, women living in cities, household that owned radio/television were registered in areas with the highest child-woman ratio. However, these areas have the highest concentration of married women, who were likely to share conservative values of having many children.

The National Electricity Company, SNEL in acronym, puts on the market an innovative product” Cash power” by which it wants to offer its customers: speed, freedom and simplicity in the supply of electric energy compared to the old system which required a bloated staff just to distribute its invoices thus causing, many loads.As a result, it appears that after the diagnostic analysis of the distribution and communication policies developed around this product, a certain profitability is perceived in the services provided, in particular the establishment of the system of prepayment meters and the billing system within the commercial service of SNEL/KISANGANI. But much remains to be done in order to make this product more accessible to everyone. After analysis of the data, the results according to which the amount of Cash power realized in overall global revenues of SNEL/KISANGANI during the study period give positive growth. The placement of prepayment meters positively influences the company to reorganize its services in view of results achieved. This approach justifies the importance given to the prepayment system so that the leaders of this company master this structure of advanced technology put on the market in terms of innovations in the electrical sector.

The Souf is part of the northern North Eastern Sahara. Its geographical configuration characterized by a flat topography and absence of natural outlet. Formerly, it located in the Eastern Erg of the caravan routes which has prevented the emergence of major cities. The voluntarism of Saharan integration and the reconsideration of territorial grid have led to massive unorganized urbanization; the latter is responsible for serious problems related to the urban environment; the degradation of architectural heritage and cultural heritage; soil degradation and water. Changes in land use and land cover are critical elements of contemporary strategies for natural resource management, and for monitoring environmental change. In this context, a GIS derived from the application stages of geospatial technologies and remote sensing methodology from 1972 to 2016. This article attempts to analyze the spatial consequences of these policies on morphological transformation, and the changes imposed on this space. The change detection analysis indicates that the built-up area was increased by almost 30 times for the northern conurbation where the merger took place between Guemar and Taghzout, towards the south of the valley the built-up area was increased by more of 108 times or agglomerations Kouinine; El Oued; El Bayadha and Robbah eventually join. In this context, the predominance of traditional culture has declined as a result of market gardening, where the area occupied by the pivots has increased from 122 square kilometers to more than 317 square kilometers between 2005 and 2016.

The objective of this work is to determine the phenotypic characterization of enterobacteria with a view to identifying them, extracting aromatic oils, and preparing ethereal, chloroformic extracts of foods, in order to test the antibacterial activity of four foods, among other Allium sativum, Allium schoenoprasum, Allium cepa and Allium porrum.The aqueous, ethereal and chloroform extracts were obtained by hydro-distillation and by the extraction method using ether and chloroform respectively.As a result, the strains observed are Gram negative bacteria; their morphological and biochemical characterization made it possible to identify three germs including Citrobacter sp, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli.The study of the sensitivity of these strains to hydro-distillation, to the ethereal and chloroform extract of Allium sativum, Allium schoenoprasum, Allium cepa and Allium porum by the method of diffusion in agar medium led to the following results: strains S8, S13 and S16 inhibited on hydro distillation (8; 15; 16mm of inhibition diameters); the ethereal extract of these same drugs inhibited the S14 strains for garlic (with 8mm inhibition diameter; S13 and S16 for chives (with 10mm inhibition diameter) and finally, the S16 strain for onion (with 16mm inhibition diameter), on the other hand, the chloroformic extract presented the zones of inhibition to strains S15 and S16 (14 and 12mm inhibition diameter) for Allium sativum (garlic); to strains S6 and S16 (9 and 13mm inhibition diameters) for Allium schoenoprasum (chives) and finally, strain S16 (17mm inhibition diameter) for Allium cepa (onion).Further in-depth research should be encouraged in order to make available to society effective and less expensive products which fight against antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria in the Kisangani region.

Severe acute colitis is a medical and surgical emergency that involves the short-term life threatening. The diagnosis of CAG is based on the combination of clinical and biological criteria and can be supported by morphological criteria (endoscopy, scanner). It complicates ulcerative colitis (UC) as well as Crohn's disease.It is a serious complication which, in the absence of proper care, in a specialized environment, is likely to jeopardize the vital prognosis. Intravenous corticosteroid therapy (CO IV) is the first-line medical treatment for AGC.The objective of our work is to assess the predictive factors of the response to intravenous corticosteroid therapy during severe acute colitis. This is an observational study spread over 2 years, covering 27 cases of severe acute colitis collected within our department. The Severe acute colitis was defined by a Lichtiger score greater than 10. Clinical, biological, endoscopic and radiological data were collected and analyzed by SPSS20 software.

A descriptive study was carried out at the district of Congo, Commune de Labo, to evaluate the quantity of charcoal consumed by households. This is to contribute to the reflection to reduce and / or slow the rate of deforestation and degradation of so-called standing forests in the province of South Ubangi.The survey was carried out on a population of 50 households, from which we extracted a sample of 50 persons of the same sex over a period from January to July 2019.The latter led to the following results: 88% of households surveyed use charcoal as their main source of energy for cooking.

The general objective of this study is to carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the garbage from the commune of BOLIKANGO in the city of Lisala, Province of Mongala and to test the adequacy of the methods of storage and elimination of this waste. To achieve this, we used the descriptive method for waste identification using living techniques such as direct or indirect observation and structured sowing interviews. Results obtained revealed the following points: Awareness of the problem by the inhabitants of the commune of BOLIKANGO. 80% of the population surveyed recognizes that the waste problem exists and that biodegradable organic matter is the main source of garbage in households. In addition to organic matter, waste made up of metals, such as sardine cans, tomatoes, spare parts for vehicles and motorcycles, cells and batteries come second. These methods enabled us to note that the solid waste produced in the commune of BOLIKANGO is badly managed with enormous risks for the health of the population, of the households all around the commune concerned.The inhabitants of the district have neither trash, nor dump at the level of their installations throw their waste directly on the ground and without service of daily collection, the inhabitants themselves take care of the sweeping and the evacuation of waste. It emerges from this study that:Garbage exists and includes a mixture of constituents, the main ones being plant waste, animal waste, waste from manufacturing products, construction accessories and human waste.The largest single quantity of garbage is produced at the central market in Lisala, i.e. 90000m3.The state service for collecting, sorting and eliminating waste in the municipality is not operational. You can see the hills of waste abandoned in some markets and others throw their waste squarely into rivers.We say that at the level of the municipality, that is to say the real ecological problems exist and because of an unhealthy environment, several contagious and infectious diseases circulate in the population because the application of the law remains not applicable everywhere in the DRC.

Low birth weight is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a birth weight strictly less than 2500g, regardless of the term of the pregnancy. It constitutes a major public health problem, in both developed and developing countries, by virtue of its magnitude and its strong association with infant morbidity and mortality.Our cross-sectional descriptive study analyzes the characteristics of mothers and their newborns. The target of this study consisted of all newborn babies living during the period from January to December 2019, of single fetal pregnancy.At the end of our study, we reported 242 newborns with low birth weight out of 1998 live births, ie 12.1% grouped together in low weight; very low weight and extremely very low weight.During our study, we noted that parturients who had not reached the 4 CPN were approximately 7 times more likely to have birth weights ˂1500g and this difference was statistically significant. OR = 7.60 (95% CI 1.01-57.31) Chi2 = 4.1 p = 0.04.On the socio-demographic level, 31.8% of parturients came from the Municipality of Kampemba; 83.1% were married; 37.2% were primiparous; 55.37% of NNEs were Female; Malaria predominated at 38.4% followed by urinary tract infections 17.4%; HIV infection: 1.7%.This work could help health care workers at all levels of the system to better understand the problems of low birth weight and to do more for the health of mothers and children.

Capsicum annuum is among the five domesticated species: Capsicum (frutescens, annuum, baccatum, chinense and pubescens) the most cultivated in the world. It adapts quite well to dry and hot environments. Environmental conditions have a great influence on flowering, self-fertilization and fruiting. Fleshy fruits contain seeds that maintain the diversity of the species. It is of real socio-economic importance, capable of providing a production of fruit consumed fresh or in the form of low-processed products (preserved chilli pepper, dried chilli pepper, spice, etc.) of high nutritional value essential for the survival of farmers. The study of the germination of four varieties was carried out respectively for Piquillo Pepper, Greek Pepper, California Wonder Pepper and Peperone quadrato d'asti Rosso. It begins with imbibition and ends when the percentage of water accumulated in the seed albumens of the four varieties reaches 0.362%, 0.370%, 0.364% and 0.372%, with penetration of the tegument. The latency time for all varieties is long. It is influenced by the albumen mass of the seed and by a slight tegumentary dormancy. A description of the plant of its above-ground and underground parts has been made. The determination of the amount of chlorophyll present in the cotyledonary leaves (playing an important role in the early development and growth of the seedling before the formation of true leaves) of the 4 varieties is different according to the varieties, it is 1.2; 3.6; 1.7 and 1.2.

Boujad is a Moroccan city located in the region of Beni Mellal - Khenifra, and is considered until now as a spiritual center welcoming travelers from the Kingdom in search of religious precepts. Investigations carried out in the ancient medina of this city reveal the presence of underground cavities of natural and anthropic origin, which repeatedly cause collapses and considerable human and material damage. In order to characterize the subterranean network of this city, a geophysical study was carried out by means of electrical prospecting of the subsoil, complemented by a seismic refraction investigation, in order to investigate the geological and geophysical characteristics of the underground cavities, and then to produce a detailed mapping of the anomalies detected within the ancient medina of Boujad. The geophysical investigations thus revealed a heterogeneous subsoil dominated by limestone formations and sheltering several underground anomalies, and allowed, by superimposing the maps of anomalies drawn up at the end of each technical investigation, then correlating and verifying the results collected in relation to the data from the surveys and preliminary investigations, to draw up a synthetic map of the main areas concerned by the presence of cavities which are quite varied and spread over the entire extent of the ancient medina of Boujad.

Reproductive health education is a taught knowledge that extends the vision of learning to prepare learners for literacy and citizenship. However, its integration into the curriculum is finding more difficulties and this is due to several factors. This work aims to identify the difficulties and educational needs of student midwives’ in relation to reproductive health education during the year 2018. We used the focus group technique as a data collection method. Our results highlighted the sources of information and the educational needs of our students towards reproductive health education before any teaching of this knowledge. The main sources of information for students on reproductive health education were high school, the internet, and the media. The obstacles identified were related to shortcomings in theoretical and practical training. 50 % of the students had announced that this is a taboo subject and that the population refuses to discuss it. All the students had approved the integration of reproductive and sexual health education in the Moroccan academic curricula. In addition to identifying students' educational needs, the group focus technique could be used in perspective in training engineering towards other knowledge.

This study examines the differences for transportation expenditure between weekdays and weekend consumption. The purpose of this study to find out whether the use transportation on weekdays or what commonly called a workday is different from weekend or what commonly called holiday. The data collection is used by delivering questionnaires to 100 respondents randomly. The independent t-test is used in this study to analyze the data. The results of the analysis obtained shows that there is mean difference between transportation expenditure on Weekdays and Weekend. The ttest value shows positive (+) sign to justify that weekday group (first group) has higher mean value than weekend group (second group). This study implies the policy of public transportation in increasing its quality and the habitual or culture of the community.

This article analyses the taking care of a person and his level of satisfaction when aging in KARHONGO groupement. During the old age, the person becomes dependant, with lack of autonomy (independence) during this stage of life, the vulnerability imposes itself end all this plays the role of underestimation of person for himself but also for the society, he becomes unadaptative to the environment (surroundings). These data allow to think that the fact of providing social contact to aged persons constitutes an important means to win their feeling rejection and of loneliness or privacy. Having found the weak care taking of aged persons, we have thought to carry this research in order to discover what the inhabitants of KARHONGO think in relationship with their care taking of this environment and their level of satisfaction.

Background: This article examines the vulnerability of adolescents of Benin to HIV / AIDS. It seeks to understand the measures in which certain socio-demographic and contextual variables which operationalize vulnerability shed light on the situation of adolescents in Benin.Method: To test the basic hypothesis, we compared the descriptions of 15-19 and 20-24 years olds interviewed as part of the MICS-Benin-2014 survey through descriptive and explanatory analyzes.Results: Analyzes reveal that with the exception of adolescent girls living in the most disadvantaged areas, in-depth knowledge of the sexual transmission of HIV / AIDS is generally good among adolescents. However, socio-demographic differences are less marked in terms of knowledge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. On the other hand, many adolescents who have been tested for HIV have little regard for the result. This behavior, which is linked to the level of education and to the department for both sexes and in addition to the standard of living for adolescent girls, gives an overview of gender disparities and the extent of the gaps in obligations towards them to reduce the HIV infection.Conclusion: Develop strategies to improve knowledge about HIV and reduce the stigma on testing.

The main object of this study is to optimize the use of crushed sand from basalt aggregates and sand dune in hydraulic concrete. In this sense, we have studied a series of tests, of partial and/or total substitution of sand dune by crushed basalt sand, with a W/C ratio (water/cement) of 0.49. The study consists to assess the rheological and mechanical properties of the concretes (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6) with respective substitution rates of (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). The results are then compared and discussed. The best workability is given by sand dune concrete (C1). The mechanical resistance of C6 is superior to that of C1, on the other hand the workability of C1 is greater than that of C6. The mixes based on partially substituted aggregates give the best compressive strength performance compared to those based on fully substituted aggregates (C1 or C6). Maximum compression is obtained at 20%.

This study deals with the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance (FP) of Casablanca stock exchange companies. Our investigation covers the period 2012-2017. CSR is approached by a dummy variable which takes value of 1 if the company is labeled by CGEM CSR label, and value of 0 if not. Accounting and financial performance indicators were used to assess the FP: Return On Assets (ROA), Return On Equity (ROE), Return On Sales (ROS) and Market to Book Value (MBV). Con rol variables are measured by size, age, risk, and industry. Panel data are used as well to analyze data. Descriptive statistics, regression and correlation analyses were carried out. Findings of this study indicate mixed results which might be explained by the early stage of CSR in Morocco. Indeed, we have found a positive impact of CSR on PF, when using ROA as proxy in FP. This result supports social impact hypothesis. The study however didn’t find any impact of CSR on FP when using ROE as proxy in FP, sustaining the neutrality hypothesis. When using ROS, the relationship is found negative and supports since then the tradeoff hypothesis. The model testing the impact of CSR on MBV was not significant.

In order to meet the nutritional needs of populations, innovations have been made in the production technology of afitin, a condiment of Beninese origin made from African locust bean, intended to improve the taste of food. Among these innovations is the use of soybeans. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of the soybean variety on the quality of the manufactured product obtained. For this, the afitin was produced according to traditional technology and the microbiological, physicochemical, nutritional and sensory analyzes were performed by standard methods. The results showed that taking into account the analytical tolerance, the samples had acceptable microbiological quality. The results of the physico-chemical analyzes revealed that the water content varied from 55.35 to 57.53%. For pH, the values ​​varied from 8.20 to 8.53 while for proteins, they were respectively 36.96, 37.15 and 36.65% for the varieties Jupiter, TGX 1951-3F and TGX 1987-62F. The Jupiter variety had the highest ash (22.47%) and calcium (2865.55mg / kg) content. As for the magnesium and potassium contents, the highest values ​​ (1593.26 mg / Kg and 7770.87mg / Kg) were obtained for the varieties TGX 1951-3F and TGX 1987-62F respectively. Organoleptic analyzes revealed a good appreciation of the samples by consumers.

The main objective of this study is to prepare activated carbon based on corn cobs with excellent adsorbent properties. To do this, a plan of experience was applied to 16 coals prepared with KOH and H3PO4 at different temperatures and concentrations. The plan of experience revealed that KOH, 1M carbon with a specific surface of 546.77 m2/g is the best. Experience has shown that H3PO4, 2M has a specific surface of 613.14 m2/g. The carbon activated by H3PO4 was characterized by determining the iodine number, the ash content, the surface functions, the pHzc and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that activated carbon has a high iodine number (674.506 mg/g) and low ash content (6%). In addition, the carbon is acidic and has a porous surface.

The rapid expansion of cashew orchards in the Diabo, Botro and Bodokro sub-prefectures in central Côte d'Ivoire is putting great pressure on vegetal cover. This situation has encountered the sustainability of farms. Thus, the objective of this research is to map the levels of vulnerability of land use units facing the spatial progression of cashew orchards in these spaces. The intention is to raise awareness among local populations and to draw the attention of decision-makers to the real threats of food insecurity and loss of forest cover in these areas. The method used comes down to spatial modeling on Arc-gis from the 2002 and 2017 land cover maps of the study area. The results show a high concentration of land use units likely to be colonized by cashew orchards near the localities. In addition, fallows are extremely vulnerable to the expansion of cashew orchards with 15,892 ha likely to be invaded by cashew trees within a 1 km radius, followed by shrub savannas with 15338 ha.

Dyeing of cotton fabric with turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract solution is an experimental dyeing method here. In this paper, we are trying to give a comparative study about the color fastness properties of turmeric dyed knit fabrics specifically color fastness to wash, water, perspiration, rubbing and saliva. Dyeing processes were completed by a common method for cotton fabrics and being compared with and without mordant. All experiments were performed according to ISO standard. We found that mordant can enhance the color fastness properties of cotton fabrics dyed with turmeric extract, comparatively better than without mordant. We also seek possibility of applying natural dyes with other synthetic dyes by experimental results.

Globalization of businesses and financial market have brought to light what is called nowadays International accounting standardization. The latter has seen the light since the initiative of Henry Benson to gather many countries around the world to prepare a core of accounting standards that could be possible to apply globally, or at least by countries who had participated in their preparation. The main purpose of this study is to analyze this phenomenon from a historical standpoint to help answer how international accounting standardization were developed and under which conditions. The main findings indicate that international accounting standardization was developed based on financial markets requirements and needs rather than purely accounting matters.

Although Agricultural productivity is often associated with food security, the causal links between agricultural productivity and food security ar less explored. The objective of this study is to test the approach of orthodox economists that agricultural productivity reduces food insecurity. The data used are collected from 240 agricultural households in the communes of Kérou and Boukombé in the departement of Atacora in Benin, chosen by the randomy method, where at least eight (08) out of ten (10) agricultural households are food insecurity. The theoretical basis of this study is focused on the causal relationships between agricultural productivity and food security. The estimation methods are done using the ordinary logit regression model. The results showed that the pathway to food insecurity is partly related to the number of children, the informal agricultural contract, the borrowing of food crops and the sale of agricultural assets. In addition to the determinants of food insecurity, the agricultural productivity reduces household food insecurity by 2.2601 at p-value of 1%. The policy of increasing agricultural productivity would be effective in achieving food security for Benin’s farming household by 2030. The orthodox versus heterodox approach of the causal relationships links between agricultural productivity and food insecurity would be analysed in another paper.

The objective of this study is to determine the perception of corn producers on soil quality based on sustainable land management practices in the Okpara watershed. To do this, 280 heads of maize producers were surveyed in the municipalities of Pèrèrè, N’Dali, Tchaourou and Ouessè. The Fisher test made it possible to compare the soil quality score according to the municipalities, the farming practices of the Okpara watershed; the score of soil types according to farming practices and municipalities. This test showed that the municipalities of Pèrèrè and N’Dali have better soil quality scores than the municipalities of Tchaourou and Ouessè regardless of the type of soil. Multiple linear regression has shown that factors such as: the probability of predicting improved seed practices, the probability of ridging practices, the municipality of Tchaourou, the municipality of Ouessè, and the number of years of experience in agriculture in general significantly determine the quality of the soil in the Okpara watershed. Thus, it is therefore necessary to take into account the endogenous knowledge available to producers in the study area for a better assessment of the quality of the soil in future studies.

In this article we examine the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) digestion’s results followed by water leaching in the lithium extraction from Manono’s spodumene pegmatite (DRC). A pretreatment has been developed allowing the transformation of α-spodumene into less dense, more brittle and more reactive β-spodumene. The analysis of spodumene by ICP-MS and ED-XRF showed that our sample consists mainly of oxides of Li, Si, Al and K with an average LiO2 content of 3.5%. And binocular microscopy examination revealed the presence of spodumene as the main mineral species associated with quartz, lepidolite and muscovite. The reaction’s temperature (175, 200, 250 and 300°C) was studied for the digestion of calcined spodumene at temperatures ranging between 750 and 900°C. For each temperature, the reaction time (30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes) and the ore/acid ratio (1: 1, 5: 4, 3: 2 and 7: 4) were considered. A Taguchi approach was used to optimize the conditions and the experimental variables. And the MINITAB software was used for this purpose. The experimental conditions show that the degree of lithium extraction during sulfuric acid (H2SO4) digestion is significantly influenced by the ore/acid ratio, the temperature and reaction time. The results show that 90% of lithium in the sample calcined at 900°C was extracted with an ore/acid ratio of 3: 2, a reaction temperature of 250°C and a reaction time of 180 minutes.

The high price of chemical inputs has led producers to use other sources of fertilizer such as chicken manure. However, the direct and compost-free application of these wastes as practiced by producers is a potential source of soil acidification and environmental contamination that cannot adequately restore soil fertility. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of composting times on the chemical fertility of the composts produced. The study was carried out at the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University in the Tazibouo district of Daloa, in the centre-west of Côte d'Ivoire. Twelve (12) piles of chicken manure were made up of 3 piles per treatment corresponding to the different composting times (T14, T21, T28, T35 days). Four treatments rated T14, T21, T28 and T35 corresponding to 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of composting of the feces were compared to a control treatment T0 (composted chicken feces). The study found that composting chicken manure has positive effects on its chemical fertility by improving the levels of most of the physical and chemical parameters of the composts produced. As a result, composting has reduced concentrations of trace metal elements, such as iron and zinc, in composted chicken droppings, which at high soil levels become toxic to plants. Composting the manure for 14 days by improving the fertility of the composts produced can therefore be recommended to growers for a better chemical quality of the compost produced.

Introduction: Appropriate complementary feeding is an important determinant for achieving healthy growth and survival of infants and young children in the first years of life. Poorly managed, it increases the risk of undernutrition, illness and death in the latter. This study aimed to determine the proportion of minimum food intake in breastfed children and to identify the associated factors in the municipality.Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study of households was carried out in the commune of Kaolack (Senegal) from November 15 to 21, 2017. The multi-stage sampling method was used to select mothers of elderly breastfed children 6-23 months. The analysis was done using R software (version 3.4.3). Descriptive analyzes and simple logical regression were done. Odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval were used to identify the associated factors.Results: A total of 260 women were surveyed. Mothers of children represented 93.8% and the rest were babysitters. The mean age was 27.8 ± 6.6 years. In 94.6%, they were married and in 78.9% the mothers lived in a monogamous marriage. 71.5% of women were in school and 69.6% of mothers had more than two dependent children. Daily market spending was stable in 82.4% of households. The number of people living in the household was less than or equal to 10 people in 60.4% of the households.The sex ratio (M / F) of breastfed children was 1.34. The mean age of breastfed infants was 13.9 ± 4.5 months. Their average weight was 9.1 ± 1.5 kg. The mean height of the children was 75.7 ± 5.5 cm. Among the children surveyed, only 28.7% received a minimum acceptable intake in their diet. Regarding follow-up, 57.3% of women did not respect follow-up appointments promoting child growth.The factors associated with the low proportion of the minimum acceptable intake in children were: the status of the mother compared to babysitters (OR = 0.22 [0.06– 0.84]), the link of kinship with the head of household being a parent of the mother (OR = 2.87 [1.25 - 6.6]) compared to households headed by the father of the child, the regularity of daily expenses (7.41 [2.01– 27.37]) and compliance with the follow-up appointments promoting the child's growth (OR = 3.36 [1.73 - 6.51]).Conclusion: To ensure appropriate complementary feeding in children from 6 to 23 months, it is important to strengthen the socioeconomic level of households, sensitize mothers to respect the follow-up appointments promoting the growth of the child.

The main objective of this study, conducted from May to October 2013 in Morofé (Yamoussoukro), was to improve the knowledge on the avifauna of rice-growing agroecosystems in central Côte d'Ivoire. The inventories were carried out during the different phenological phases of the rice field from 06: 00 to 10: 00 and from 15: 00 to 18: 00. We identified 84 species of birds, of which 42 species are actually found in rice paddies in Morofé. During the rice cycle, a relative abundance of 2,138 individuals’ birds was recorded. Grain-eating birds accounted for 87.09% of the total number of individuals compared to 12.91% of the total number of individuals for species apparently indifferent to rice. The most representative bird species in the rice traps were the Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata (Rüppell, 1837), the village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus (Muller, 1776), the Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops (Hartlaub, 1848), the Bronze Mannikin Spermestes cucullata (Swainson, 1837) and the Magpie Mannikin Spermestes fringilloides (Lafresnaye, 1835). The analysis of the results taking in account the phenological phases of rice reveals that the vegetative phase was the richest in number of bird species and the heading phase brought together the largest numbers of birds.

This study was conducted at Intchimia’s recovered site. Its objective is to determine the impact of land reclamation techniques on millet productivity. The experimental device used is a randomized block with four treatments (DL half-moon, CP stony cords, half-moon + stony cords DL-CP and control T) and three repetitions. Parameters monitored were phenological growth and components of millet yield. Results showed that water and soil conservation techniques have a better influence on the development and productivity of millet. The best results were obtained in the DL treatments (plant height: 229.46 cm; grain weight: 1936.11 kg / ha and biomass weight: 6.24 t / ha) and CP-DL (height of plant: 226.93 cm; grain weight: 1692.83 kg/ha and biomass weight: 5.65 t/ha). These results made it possible to demonstrate that DL and DL-CP are the most suitable as a promoted area for the production of millet at the level of the recovered soils.

The City of El Khroub is spreading by repossessing the design of a town in line with a recent urbanization type; unfortunately, this method proves to be poorly mastered. This article treats the phenomenon that allows the town to change from a rural type to an urban one, this later is generated by special changes that lead to various problems, spatially made out by considerable urban sprawl to the detriment of the neighboring agricultural land which resulted in the loss of an important non-renewable land heritage; bringing out practices that have increased the development of illegal land transactions over agricultural land while identifying the types of encroachment.

The trade sector has experienced significant development in Morocco in recent years, today this sector is one of the pillars of the national economy, it is the second job provider in Morocco after agriculture.In 2017, this sector represented 13% of the country's active population and even ranked as the third contributor.to national GDP with added value created in the same year of around 84.2 billion dirhams.This sector is also characterized by concealed competition between traditional distribution and modern distribution.In fact, the share of traditional trade has gradually decreased in recent years in favor of modern trade. The traditional trade sector is in danger of collapse in the face of the spectacular growth of modern distribution.The objective of this article is the presentation of traditional trade in Morocco and the identification of the problems, which prevent its development following a study on this sector.

The only source of drinking water for the commune of Parakou is the Okpara River. This study lives to identify the constraints of surface water supply in the commune of Parakou. To achieve this objective, the climatic data (temperature and precipitation) of the synoptic station of Parakou and covering the period 1988-2018 are used to quantify and qualify the evolution of the climatic parameters. The sample consists of 118 individuals chosen in a reasoned manner and distributed over the three boroughs that account for the municipality through the technique of Neuchâtel (2014) called « snowball ». The data is processed using statistical tools (frequency, percentage, tables and graphic illustrations). The sample consists of 118 individuals chosen in a reasoned manner and distributed over the three districts of the municipality. From this study it appears that the average rainfall, from 1988 to 2018, of the town of Parakou is 1183.13 mm, which allows it to have a more or less permanent amount of surface water. However, supply difficulties exist. In addition, around 40 % of the population has difficulty obtaining drinking water. In addition, periods of water shortages occur in the dry season. This situation leads subscribers to alternately use several types of water.

With the development of the wood industry for the needs of construction and furniture, the proliferation of waste thus produced poses serious environmental problems. An interesting avenue for mitigating or absorbing this nuisance would be to develop this substance in the form of a brick with an insulating effect in construction. The object of this study is to characterize the thermal properties of these bricks according to the water content and sawdust. Samples of different sawdust contents (from 0 to 0.33 kgsbkgar-1) with dimensions of 10x10x3 cm3 were produced. An asymmetric hot plane type device was used to measure the volume thermal capacity and the thermal conductivity as a function of the water content from 0 to a maximum value of 0.069 kgdmkgw-1. The profile of the experimental curves of the estimated parameters is in line with that of the theoretical models from the literature.

Infiltrating myoepithelial carcinoma remains an exceptional entity. Spindle cell morphology seems to be more prominent. However, rhabdoid, epithelioid and plasmacytoid morphologies may be seen. In some cases, this tumor may appear as poor differentiated intraductal carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry is very useful to confirm the diagnosis. Local recurrence and distant metastases are common but treatment is not consensual.We report a case of a 40-year-old woman with an unusual myoepithelial carcinoma. The diagnosis was canceled by the histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the resected specimen.We discuss clinical and pathological features of myoepithelial carcinoma, which are very important to know by young pathologists.

There was a debate after the second world war about whether drama method was educational or whether it was therapeutic? (Peter Slade, 1958) This article aims to make a distinction between educational and therapeutic method, hence, to evaluate Peter Slade’s drama method.

Through this literature review, we have explored the various scientific articles that have been exploited by Data Mining techniques in the banking sector and specifically Digital Marketing, namely the prediction of customers interested in a banking product. We have succeeded through a variety of articles in tracking the behavior of some Data Mining algorithms and their uses, using bank data. These techniques have also allowed us to determine the best parameters for each Data Mining method. In this review, we have used the results of different evaluation tools for all the methods used, which has enabled us to easily choose the appropriate prediction model. Several Software have been used as a programming tool to clarify each of the techniques of Data Mining, Therefore, we cannot say that an algorithm is the best since the results differ from one category to another of the data used.

The study was aimed at determining whether it is financially beneficial to public transport owners of vehicles in urban setting to wait for passengers at rush hours for a long time at the bus stop until the bus is full while a crowd of people is waiting for the same bus at the end of the other bus stop.The study was carried in using a mathematical model of transport lines to which is adjusted the phenomenon of lines of buses at the bus terminus where people who want to go to the other end of the line come in small numbers to take place in the lined up vehicles. This model of traffic regulation of public transport has been financially compared to the model where the buses do not queue up at the bus terminus. The decision has been taken in comparing the fare to be paid by passengers to the variable cost of exploitation attributable to each of them.Out of the four lines of transport selected for the study in Lubumbashi city in the Democratic Republic of Congo, namely the lines Town-CRAA, Town-Ruashi, Town-Kisanga and Town-Kisima, the last three lines are in conformity with the mathematical model of reference. The current single fare of 500 Congolese Francs being higher than the variable costs of exploitation on these three lines of transport, that is to say, respectively 175, 150 and 145 Congolese Francs, then the model of traffic regulation without buses queuing at the bus terminus of the city Centre is more cost-effective.

To rise to the challenge of access to safe drinking water, hygiene and sanitation, Catholic Relief Services through his project named Koom yilma provided fifty-seven (57) elementary schools with boreholes in the centre-north region in Burkina Faso. This study aims to assess the organoleptic, physicochemical and heavy metal contents of water consumed in these schools. Thus, twenty-three (23) parameters were analyzed according to international standards. The results showed that the turbidity of 25% of water samples from boreholes were between 5.4-66.33 NTU, so non-compliant with WHO standard. The pH of 17.30% of water samples was between 8.52-8.9. 0.325-2.62 mg/L of iron were observed in 28.85% of water samples. The content of potassium was above WHO standard in 13.46% of water. Concerning nitrate and arsenic, 3.8% of samples were non-compliant with WHO standards. Water from Saada borehole was contaminated with 101.725 mg/L and those from Yaoghin with 125 µg/L of arsenic. Globally, waters from boreholes located in schools were of good quality except those of Saada and Yaoghin. Despite these good results, it is necessary to monitor the physicochemical and toxicological quality of these groundwater because of the geological context of site (gold region). That will prevent the consumption of water contaminated with heavy metal and therefore chronic diseases among children.

In Algeria, breast cancer is currently the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of cancer mortality in women. It’s a complex and heterogeneous disease. It’s histological, phenotypic, and molecular. It remains a poorly known disease, and current clinical and histological classifications do not fully predict prognostic and predictive treatment response parameters, which is a source of inappropriate treatment.The study involved 382 patients with infiltrating carcinoma. The age ranges from 20 to 89 years (mean: 49 years). The histological types identified are ductal carcinoma infiltrating CCI (78.49%) and lobular carcinoma infiltrating CLI (21.50%). Of the 382 patients, 90 are young women under 40 years of age or 30.41%, (mean age: 31 years) with 79.45% CCI and 20.54% CLI.The objective of our study is to perform an analysis of the clinical characteristics, histopathology in young women under 40 years of age by specifying their relative proportion and biological characteristics compared to all cases of all ages combined.The determination of the expression antigen Ki67, nuclear hormonal receptors RE, RP and HER2 Oncoprotein at the level of the infiltrating component is carried out by the technical immunohistochemistry IHC.Characteristics of carcinomas in young women under 40 compared to all patients in our series: pT3 tumor size: 24.63% versus 18.68%; histopronostic grade SBR III: 78.37% versus 72.01%; presence of ganglionic invasion pN+: 76,74% versus 75.75%; high mitotic index Ki67: 41.02% versus 14.84%; absence of expression of the hormonal receptors: estrogenic receptors RE- 71.62% versus 64.92%, progesterone receptors RP- 81.08% versus 78.15%; 31.25% HER2 oncoprotein expression versus 27.24%.The analysis of the results shows that tumors in young women are aggressive and have poor prognosis: large tumors and high histopronotic grade with significant mitotic activity and dominant ganglionic invasion.

Introduction: Clinical practice in education is the backbone of a midwife's professional career, it is a fundamental component of the teaching and learning process that gives the student the opportunity to develop the competencies required for professional practice. However, experience in clinical practice creates constraints and difficulties.Objective: explore the experience of Midwives students from ISPITS Morocco in clinical practice of emergency obstetric care.Method: Quantitative and descriptive study realized with 23 student midwives of the Higher Institutes of Nursing and Technical Health Professions of Morocco. The data was collected via a questionnaire online.Results: The study of experience of the student midwife in the learning process of emergency obstetric care shows these aspects: Midwives students have difficulty for insertion into clinical practice, as a result of the modalities of coordination between teachers and tutors of the practice, lack of self-confidence, and a lack of professional competence, theoretical knowledge is inadequate to the real context of the internship field and the non-standardization of tools for monitoring and evaluating of practice.Conclusions: Midwives students need to be accompanied and supervised in their clinical practice experience by the teacher who must detect weaknesses, anticipate difficulties and propose teaching/learning strategies that prevent and even mitigate difficulties.

From this study on the analysis of the urban transport network of the city of Tébessa using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), it can be seen that the transport network represents one of the most important components of the city. The objective of this study is to highlight the measures to ensure that the network meets the needs of the population in terms of accessibility, identifying black spots and showing the central nodes. (Customs node and amusement park) for the city of Tébessa, which are the two most frequent points of traffic congestion. With the geographic information system software (ArcGIS), a network analysis technique that allows us to define the shortest possible route between two points in order to reduce the distance travelled, to save time and to give and avoid as much as possible the black spots to move more easily in the city, another technique has been used, which is the sphinx software also used to create and analyse the questionnaire destined to the words of the inhabitants of the city to evaluate the road network.The aim is to test the research hypotheses that the transport network represents a major obstacle to traffic through all the problems that the transport network suffers from, such as traffic congestion, narrow roads and deteriorating conditions. The study recommends the creation of new roads and diversions to mitigate the efficiency of the transport network and achieve accessibility throughout the city of Tébessa.